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till the sward-cutter is turned. The plate marked i is to cover thegrooves to keep out the dirt. The machine represented in fig. 5,is furnished with three shatts, resembling those of a waggon, andwhich are designed for a double-horse-sward-cuttcr. A single-horse-sward-cutter is furnished only with four cutting wheels, andone pair of shafts; tire latter of which may, without requiring anyjoinings, form the two sides of the frame.

SWARTZIA, in botany, a genus of the polyadelphia poly-andria class and order. Calyx four-leaved ; petals single, lateral,flat; legume one celled, bivalve ; seeds arillaled. There are sixspecies.

SWEARING, a term used to denote either the uttering of im-pious expressions, or the judicial, and also official invocation ofthe Deity , to attest the truth of an assertion. The security ofoaths in important affairs, has in all ages been required by the lawsof civilized nations; nor is swearing, on such occasions, prohibitedby lhe Christian doctrine. Rut, though particular circumstancesmay sanction this expedient, there is no possible excuse for invok-ing the Creator, to attest the truth of every trifling transaction, orto witness the impertinence of idle, perhaps indecent, conversa-tion. It has been urged, by way of extenuating this breach ofmorality, that a man may have been carried away by tile violenceof some passion ; or he may probably leave been aggravated by thegross misconduct of others. Such plea, however, cannot lessen the-criminality of the act ; v for the utterance of a profane oath neitherimpart- pleasure to, nor dispels the uneasy sensations of, thespeaker; while the wanton indulgence in such practice displays awilful propensity to viscious habits, incompatible with the dignityof rational agents. Sensible of the had and contagious effects otswearing, our legislaiors have made it punishable by severalstatutes; thus, stal. 6 and 7, Will. 111. cap. 11, ordains, that if anyperson shall profanely swear, if lie lie a labourer, servant, or com-mon soldier, shall forfeit is. to the poor, for the first offence, 2 s.for the second, &c. and any person not a servant, &c. forfeits 2s.fo>- tlie first offence, As. for the second, 6s. for the third, &c. to belevied by distress of goods.

SWEAT, [sudor, Lat.] a sensible moisture issuing out of thepores of the skins of animals. See Perspiration. Sweat, if itoccasions no bad symptoms, is rather to be promoted than checked,•even though it may seem profuse in quantity ; and in this case theproper regimen is a moderate warmth, a quiet slate of the body,and frequent draughts of warm liquors: but when the strength isfound to be too much exhausted by these sweats, small doses ofnitre are found of great service.

SWEATING SICKNESS , a disorder which appeared inEngland about 1481 ; and was by foreigners called the Englishsweat, It returned again in 1485 ; then in 1506; afterwards in 1517.The last return of it in London was in 1551, when it was so violentas in one day to take oft' 120 of the inhabitants of Westminster.Some were seized abroad, and cut off in the road, others at home.Some when awake, others when fast asleep. Some died in a mo-ment, and others in one, two, three, four, or more hours after theybegan to sweat.

SWEDEN, one of the most northerly kingdoms of Europe ,lying between Lat, 55° 20' and 69° 30' N. and between 12° and 32°E. of London . On the South it is bounded by the Raltic, on theN. by Danish Lapland, on the E. by Muscovy, and on the W.by the mountains of Norway , being 800 miles in length, and 350in breadth. Stockholm is the capital . Of this country we haveno certain account till 714, when it was converted to Christianity .In 1387, Margaret, queen of Denmark and Norway , was chosenqueen of Sweden in the room ot king Albert, who was consideredas unfit to reign. In 1411, Eric duke of Pomerania , succeeded totin* three kingdoms, and Sweden remained subject to Denmark till 1523, when Gustavus Vara restored the independence of hiscountry. The monarchy became absolute in 1772. There is agreat diversity of characters among the people of Sweden ; andthey have had different characters in different ages. At present,their peasants seem to be a Iteai y plodding race of men, strong andhardy; but without any other ambition than that of subsisting aswell as they can ; they are honest, simple, hospitable, and reli-gious;. and the mercantile classes are much of the same cast; butgreat application nd perseverance is discovered among them all.'Phe nobility and gentry of Sweden are brave, polite, and hospita-ble; they have high and warm notions of honour, and ate

jealous of their national interests! Their language is a dialect ofthe Teutonic, and resembles that of Denmark. The Swedish nobility and gentry are, in general, more conversant in politeliterature than those of many other flourishing states. They haveof late exhibited some noble specimens of their munificence forthe improvement of literature and science, particularly naturalhistory ; and the botanical and chemical discoveries and improve-ments of Linnaeus, Bergman, and Scheele , will confer everlastinghonour on their native country. The inhabitants subsist by agri-culture, mining, grazing, hunting, and fishing. Their materialsfor traffic are the bulky and useful commodities of masts, beams,and other sorts of timber for shipping; tar, pitch, bark of trees,pot-ash, wooden utensils, hides, flax, hemp, peltry, furs, copper,lead, iron, cordage, fish, and train-oil. About the middle of the17th century, by the assistance of the Dutch and Flemings, theyset up some manufactures of glass, starch, tin, woollen, silk, soap,leather-dressing, and saw-mills. They have since had sugar-bak-ing, tobacco-plantations, and manufactures of sail-cloth, cotton,fustian and other stuffs; also of linen, alum, brimstone, paper-mills, and gunpowder-mills. Vast quantities of copper, brass,steel and iron, arc now wrought in Sweden , dug from mines,some of them more than 1100 feet deep. Sweden produces crys-tals, amethysts, topazes, porphyry, lapis lazuli, agate, cornelian,marble, and other fossils. The chief wealth of the countiy, how-ever, arises from her mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron. Thislast employs no fewer than 450 forges, hammering-mills, and smelt-ing-houses. A gold-mine has likewise been discovered in Sweden ;but inconsiderable. One silver-mine is said to produce 20,000crowns a-year. The product of the copper-mines is uncertain;but the whole is loaded with vast taxes and reductions to the go-vernment, which has no other resources for the exigencies of thestate. The water-falls in Sweden are numerous, and many of thempicturesque; but their utility is chiefly to be admired in the im-mense number of water-wheels they drive throughout Sweden ,This extensive kingdom is divided into five large districts or terri-tories, improperly called provinces, by some geographers, andparts by others, which is a very indistinct epithet. These districtsare, 1 . Sweden Proper. 2. Gothland. 3. Norland. 4.Swedish Lapland: and 5. Finland . (See these articles.)Eacli ot these is subdivided into several provinces. I. SwedenProper contains five provinces; viz. Upland, Sudermania ; Ne-Ricia, Westmania, and Dalecarlia. II. Gothland containsten provinces; viz. Ostrogothia, Smoland , Westrog6thia,tlie isles of Gothland and Oeland , Warmeland, Bohus,Dalia, Schonen, Halland , and Blekingen. III. Norlandincludes seven provinces; viz. Gestricia, Helsingina, Medel-padia, IIiemptland, Harjedalia, Angermania, and WestBothnia. IV. Swedish Lapland comprehends seven; viz.Asela, Hiemptland, Umeo, Pitheo, Luleo , Torneo, andKemi. And, L. Finland contains six provinces, viz. Finland Pro-per, East Bothnia, Tavasteland, Nyland, Savolax , andpart of Carei.ia and Cymene. Most of these provinces are de-scribed in their order. Tlie celebrated Linnaeus says, there are inSweden , 1400 different species of animals, and 1300 species ofplants, of which 200 are medicinal. Among the former are bears,elks, does, roe-bucks, beavers, sables, polecats, wolves, foxes,hares, rabbits, squirrels, moor-fowls, wood cocks, falcons, par-tridges, and a great variety of other game; besides the domesticanimals, horses, sheep, goats, hogs, and black cattle. The coastsand river abound with fish, which are salted and exported. Thereare no veiioinmn reptiles m Sweden. Christianity was introducedhere in the ftth century. Their religion is Lutheranism . TheSwedes are surprisingly uniform in religious matters; and havesucli an aversion at popery, that castration is the fate of everyRmnan Catholic priest discovered in Sweden . The Archbishopof Upsal lias a revenue of about 4001. a year; and has under id 11113 suffragans, besides superinteiidants, with moderate stipends-No clergyman lias any concern in affairs of state; but their morals,ami tlie sanctity of their lives, endear ihein to tlie people. The 1 *churches are neat, and often ornamented. A body of ecclesiastic^la*sand canons direct their religious (economy. The surface cj*'male, soil, &c. of Sweden , are pretty similar to those of its neigh-bouring rountries. Summer and winter suddenly succeed eac’other, with hardly any interval of spring and autumn as in ot '. ie ffcountries. Vegetation is therefore quite rapid, the heat be 111 ®

excessive-