TEL 705 T E M
able sidereal time-piece, made by Mr. Shelton. Close to it, andof the same height, is a polar distance-piece, which has a dial-plateof the same dimensions with the time-piece; this piece may bemade to shew polar distance, zenith distance, declination of alti-tude, by setting it differently. The time and polar distance-piecesare placed so that the assistant sits before them at a table, with thespeaking-pipe rising between them; and in this manner observa-tions may be written down very conveniently. This noble in-strument, with proper eye-glasses, magnifies above 6000 times, andis the largest that has ever been made. Such of our readers aswish for the full account of the machinery attached to it, viz. thestairs, ladders, and platform B, may have recourse to the secondpart of the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1795; inwhich, by means of eighteen plates and sixty-three pages ofielter-p ress, an ample detail is given of every circumstance rela-ting to joiner’s work, carpenter’s work, and smith’s work, whichattended the formation and erection of this telescope. It wasCompleted August 28th, 17S9 ; and, on the same day, was thesixth satellite of Saturn discovered. The metals for the speculaof reflecting telescopes are generally composed of thirty-two partsof copper, and fifteen of grain-tin, with the addition of two parts ofarsenic, to render the composition more white and compact. Ithas been ascertained, by a variety of experiments, that if one partof brass, and one of silver, be added to this composition, and onlyone of arsenic used, a most excellent metal will be obtained,which is the whitest, hardest, and most reflective. The first com-position is, however, for inexperienced persons, the best, as thee asiest to cast, to grind, and polish. When this is employed, thecopper and tin should be melted, and when mixed together shouldbe poured into cold water, which will separate the mass into anumber of small particles. These small pieces of metal are thento be collected and put into the crucible, along with the silverand brass: after they have been melted together in a separatecrucible, the proper quantity of arsenic is to be added, and a lit-tle powdered rosin thrown into the crucible before the metal ispoured into the flasks. For the particular methods of grindingand polishing, we refer to Brewster’s edition of Ferguson’s Me-chanics, vol. i.
TELGA, TELGEIN, orTELGEN, a commercial town ofSweden, in Sudermania, 12 or 15 miles S. W. of Stockholm .Lon. 17. 24. E. Lat. 59. 18. N.
TELIGUL, a lake ot Russia , 120 miles in circumferenceLon. 64. 15. E. Lat 43. 12. N.
Tell, William, an illustrious Swiss patriot, the chief instru-ment of the revolution which delivered the Swiss cantons fromthe German yoke in 1307. Animated by William Tell’scourage and patriotism the Swiss flew to arms; attacked and vanquishedGrisler, who was shot to death by Tell ; and the association forthe independency was immediately formed. lell was offer-.fl the government, but lie refused it. While endeavour-,n 5 to alter the course of a torrent, and prevent its fartherdesolations, he was carried off by the impetuous stream, in1354.
TELEPHIUM, in botany, a genus of the pentandria tryginiac Lss and order. Calyx five-leaved ; petals five, inserted into there ceptacle; capsule one-celled, three-valved. There are twoS pecies, viz. T. imperati, true orpine; and T. oppositifolium, botlistives of Barbary.
FELLER, an officer of the Exchequer, in ancient recordscalled tallier: there are four of these officers, whose duty is toReceive all sums due to the king, and to give the clerk of the pellsbill to charge him therewith. They likewise pay all money duer °rn the king, by warrant from the auditor of the receipt, and''ake weekly and yearly books, both of their receipts and pay-'ents, which they deliver to the lord-treasurer,ji. ELLICHERRY, or TELLICHERY , a sea-port town of» lr >doostan, on the coast of Malabar, 70 miles N. of Calicut.*7"-75. 50. E. Lat. 11. 48. N.
..[ELLICO, a town of Tennassee, 30 miles S. W. of Knox-’"m. Lon. 84. 18. W. Lat. 35. 57. N.
1 ELLINA, in zoology, a genus of animals belonging to thebiv SS i vermes » and order testaceic. Animal a tethys; shellbill VC ’ R enera,, y sloping to one side, with three teeth at the*el . There are about 100 species. The tellinae bury them-* es ’ n the mud or sand at the bottom of the sea, keeping av °t- IV,—no. 205.
communication with the water above by means of short tubes orpipes.
TELLURIUM, a metal discovered by Klaproth in a peculiargold-ore, called by Kirwan, sylvan. It is very brittle; specificgravity about 6. 1. It is, next to mercury and arsenic, the mostvolatile of all the metals. When cooled slowly, it crystallizes.When exposed to the action of a blow-pipe upon charcoal, ittakes fire, and burns with a lively blue flame, the edges of whichare green; and is completely volatilized in the form of a whitesmoke, which, according to Klaproth , has a smell not unlike thatof radishes, but which Gmelin could not observe. This wdiitesmoke is the oxide of tellurium, which may be obtained also bydissolving the metal in nitro-muriatic acid, and diluting the solu-tion with a great quantity of water. A white powder falls to thebottom, which is the oxide. It may be procured also by dissolv-ing the metal in the nitric acid, and adding potass slowly till theoxide precipitates. This oxide is easily melted by heat into astraw coloured mass of a radiated texture. When made into apaste with oil, and heated in charcoal, it is reduced to the metallicstate so rapidly, that a kind of explosion is produced.
TELTSCII, a town of Moravia, on the frontiers of Bohemia ,
12 miles N. of Ziabings. Lon. 10. 0. E. Lat. 49. 0. N.
TEMESVAR, orTEMESWAR, a county of Upper Hun-gary, or Bannat as it is styled in the Hungarian language.
Temissvak, or Temeswar , the capital of the above county,
60 miles N. E. of Belgrade , 150 S. E. of Buda, and 250 S. E. ofVienna. Lon. 32. 20. E. Lat. 45. 37. N.
TEMPE, in ancient geography, a valley of Thessaly, inPhthiotis, between Mount Olympus on the N. and Ossa on theS. through which the Peneus runs into the vEgean Sea. All thepoets celebrate this valley as the most delightful spot on earth ;with verdant walks, cool shady groves, and the melodious singingof birds, &c. and hence the name Tempe became proverbial fora pleasant spot. .
TEMPERAMENT, among physicians, a certain dispositionof the solids and fluids of the human body, by which it may beproperly denominated strong, weak, lax, &c. In every personthere is perhaps a temperament, peculiar to himself, though theancient took notice- of four only, which indeed seem to have areal existence, and a.re capable of receiving an explanation. Thetwo that are most distinctly marked are the sanguineous and me-lancholic, viz. the temperaments of youth and age. I. Sanguine-ous. Here there is a laxity of solids, discoverable by the softnessof hair and succulency; large system of arteries, redundancy offluids, florid complexion; sensibility of the nervous power, espe-cially to pleasing objects; irritability from the plethora; mobi-lity and levity from tax solids. 2. Melancholic habit. Heregreater rigidity of solids occurs, discoverable by the hardness andenspature of the hair; small proportion of the fluids, hence dry-ness and leanness; small arteries, hence pale colour; venous ple-thora, hhnee turgescency of these, and lividity ; sensibility, fre-quently exquisite; moderate irritability, with remarkable tenacity 'of impressions ; steadiness of action and slowness of motion, withgreat strength ; for excess in this constitution in maniacs gives themost extraordinary instance of human strength we know. Thistemperament is most distinctly marked in old age, and in males.
3. The Choleric temperament takes place between youth andmanhood. In this the distribution of the fluids are more exactlybalanced ; there is less sensibility, and less obesity, with more ir-ritability, proceeding from greater tension, less mobility and le-vity, and more steadiness in the strength of the nervous power.
As to the—4. Phlegmatic, it cannot be distinguished by anycharacters of age or sex. It agrees with tiie sanguineous in laxityand succulency. It differs from that temperament, and the me-lancholic, by the more exact distribution of the fluids. Again, itdiffers from the sanguineous, by having less sensibility, irritability,mobility, and perhaps strength, though sometimes indeed this lastis found to be great.
Temperament, in music, is defined by Rousseau to be an ope-ration, which, by a slight alteration in the intervals, causes the dif-ference between two contiguous sounds to disappear, makes eachof these sounds seem identical, with the other, which, without of-fending the ear, may still preserve their respective intervals ordistances one from the other,
TEMPERANCE , strictly speaking, denotes the virtuous8 R practice