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practice of those, who restrain their sensual appetites: it is, how-ever, generally used to express moderation, in which sense it is indis-criminately applied to all the passions. Temperance has been justlytermed the virtue which bridles the inordinate desires: it is, in-deed, closely connected with prudence and justice. It silencescalumny, and substitutes extenuation for slander; expels avaricefrom the bosom ; and thus demonstrates that true happiness con-sists, not in contemplating useless wealth, or indulging in ambitiouspursuits, or in the gratification of a vitiated palate; but in aeon-tented mind. The votary of temperance views with equal dis-gust, the sallies of unjust resentment, and those of riotous mirth:lie beholds the melancholy consequences of intemperance; learnsto extinguish revenge, and every desire which humiliates a ra-tional agent; thus proving that such virtue is the parent of manyothers, while it is attended with peace, prosperity, health, and satis-faction. Without expatiating on this topic, let it suffice to ob-serve, that it is a duty incumbent on all parents, to rear their chil-dren with a strict regard to temperance; as, by adhering to thisrule only, they are entitled to enjoy either health or longevity.

TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR, OR ATMOSPHERE.See Meteorology, and Thermometer .

TEMPERING, in the mechanic arts, the preparing of steeland iron, so as to render them more compact, hard, andfirm ; or more soft and pliant, according to their respectiveoccasions.

TEMPLARS, TEMPLERS, or KNIGHTS OF THETEMPLE, a religious order instituted at Jerusalem in the be-ginning of the twelfth century, for the defence of the holy sepul-chre, and the protection of Christian pilgrims. They were firstcalled The poor of the Holy City, and afterwards assumed the ap-pellation of Templars , because their house was near the temple.The order was founded by Baldwin II. king of Jerusalem , with theconcurrence of the pope.

TEMPLE, Sir William, an eminent statesman, born in Lon-don , in 1628. His family was ancient, and assumed the surnameof Temple from the manor of Temple , in the hundred of SparkenHall, Leicestershire . He was first sent to Pensehurst, in Kent,under his uncle, Dr. Hammond; but at ten he was removed toBishop’s Stortford, in Hertfordshire . In his 17th year, he went toCambridge, where he was placed under the tuition of Dr. Cud-worth. At the restoration he became a member of the parliamentof Ireland , but soon left that kingdom and settled in England.He rendered his country important services as ambassador to theUnited States ; particularly in effecting the league between Eng-land, Holland, and Sweden , in 1668, and in bringing about themarriage of the prince of Orange with Mary, daughter of theduke of York, In 1680 he retired from public affairs, and divi-ded his time between his books and his gardens, but he was oftenconsulted by the ministers, and by king William in person. Hedied at his seat of Moor Park, in Surrey, in 1700. His worksconsist of Memoirs of what passed in his public employments;Letters; Miscellanies; and observations on the United Pro-vinces of the Netherlands, in two vols. folio. IIis son John Tem-ple was appointed secretary at war immediately after the revolu-tion, but drowned himself the same year.

Temple , a public building, erected in honour of some deity,either true or false ; and wherein the people meet to pay religiousworship. The word is formed from the Latin teniplum, theGreek vifaiysf, signifying the same thing; from npm, I separate,as a temple is a place separated from common uses. Others withmore probability derive it from the old Latin word templare, tocontemplate.

Temple at Jerusalem was similar in its plan to the taber-nacle. The first temple was begun bv Solomon about A. M.2992, and B. C. 1012, and finished in eight years. It consistedof the holy of holies, the sanctuary, and a portico. The holy ofholies was a square room of twenty cubits; the sanctuary, or holyplace, was forty cubits long, and twenty broad ; consequently thelength of both these together was sixty cubits. The portico, whichstood before the sanctuary, was twenty cubits Ibng, and tenbroad. The whole length of the temple, computing the cubit at22 inches, did not exceed 110 feet in length, and 30 feet 8 indiesin breadth. In the portico stood the two brazen pillars called Ja-cl»in and Boaz , which appear to have been 40 cubits high, andabout 4 in diameter. 1 he court about the tabernacle was 100

cubits long, and 50 broad; and as Solomon made every part ofthe temple about twice as large as the corresponding part in thetabernacle, we may conclude, that the court around the templewas 200 cubits long, and 100 broad. According to this descrip-tion, the temple of Solomon was by no means so large as it iscommonly represented. Still, however, it was very magnificentin size, and splendid in ornament. It was plundered of its trea-sures in the reign of Rehoboam, and repaired by Joash ; it wasagain spoiled in the time of Ahaz and of Hezekiah ; and afterbeing restored by Josiali, was demolished by Nebuchadnezzar inA. M. 3416, after it had stood 476 years according to Josephus ,and according to Usslier, 428 years. The second temple was builtby the Jews , after their return from the Babylonish captivity, un-der the direction of Zerubbabel their governor, and of Joshua thehigh-priest, with the encouragement of Cyrus the Great , to whomJudea was become a tributary kingdom. This temple was desti-tute of five remarkable appendages, which were the chief glory ofthe first temple; viz. the ark and mercy-seat, the Shechinah, theholy fire on the altar, which had been first kindled from heaven,the urim and thummim, and the spirit of prophecy. This.templewas plundered and profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes, (See Jews, )but afterwards purified by Judas Maccabaeus , who restored thedivine worship ; and after having stood 500 years, rebuilt by He-rod, with a magnificence approaching to that of Solomon ’s,.Tacitus calls it immensse opulentias templum ; and Josephus says,it was the most astonishing structure he had ever seen, as well onaccount of its architecture as its magnitude, and the richness andmagnificence of its various parts and sacred appurtenances. Thistemple, which Herod began to build about sixteen years beforethe birth of Christ, and so far completed in nine and a half, as tobe fit for divine service, was at length destroyed by the Romanson the same month and day of the month on which Solomon ’s,temple was destroyed by the Babylonians.

Temples, in architecture. The ancient temples were dislin-uished, with regard to their construction, into various kinds ; as'emplum in antis, or iEdes in antis. These, according to Vitru-vius , were the most simple of all temples, having only angularpilasters, called antx or parastatie, at the corners, and two Tuscancolumns on each side of the doors. Temple , tetrastyle, or sim-ple tetrastyle, was a temple that had four columns in front, and asmany behind. Such was the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome.Temple , prostyle, that which had only columns in its front orfore-side ; as that of Ceres at Eleusis in Greece. Temple , amphi-prostyle, or double prostyle, that which had columns both beforeand behind, and which was also tetrastyle. Temple , periptere,that which had four rows of insulated columns around, and washexastyle, i. c. had six columns in front; as the temple of Ho-nour at Rome. Temple, diptere , that which had two wings andtwo rows of columns around, and was also octostyle, or had eightcolumns in front, as that of Diana at Ephesus .

Temples, denote two inns of court in London , thus called,because anciently the dwelling-house of the knights-templars. Atthe suppression of that order, they were purchased by the pro-fessors of the common law, and converted into hospitia or inns.They are called the inner and middle temple, in relation toEssex-house; which was also a part of the house of the templars,and called the outer temple, because situated without TempleBar.

Temples, in anatomy, a double part of the head, reachingfrom the forehead and eyes to the two ears. The temples arechiefly performed of two bones called ossa temporis. These parts,according to physicians, were called tempore, from their shewingthe age or time of a man by the colour of the hair, which turnswhite in this part before any other; which Homer seems tohave been aware of, by his calling men poliocrotaphi, i. e. greytempled.

TEMPORALITIES OF BISHOPS, are such revenues,lands, and tenements, and lay fees, as have been added to bishopssees, by kings and other great personages of this land, from tiro®to time, as they are barons and lords of parliament. This re-venue of the king, which was anciently very considerable, is now,by a customary indulgence, almost reduced to nothing; forpresent, as soon as the new bishop is consecrated and confirmed,lie usually receives from the king the restitution of his tempora*lilies entire and untouched ; and then, and not sooner, he has a fe e