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sixty S. W. of Orleans, and 127 S. \V. of Paris. Lon. 0. 47. ]L. Lat. 47. 24. N.

TOURRETT1A, a genus of the didynamia augiospennia classxtid order. Calyx two-hpped ; corolla lower lip none; capsule eclii-f° ur *celled, two-valved. There is one species, an annual of

actu.

TOWCESTER, an ancient town of England in Northampton-shire. It is 52 miles S. E. of Coventry, and 60 N. W. ot Lon-don . Eon. 1. 15. \V. Lat. 52. 4. N.

TOWER, a tall building consisting of several stories, usually ofa round form, though some are square or polygonal. Towers”arehttilt for fortresses, &c. as the Tower of London .

TOZZIA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia angiospermiaclass and order. Natural order Personals. ’ Calyx five-toothed ;capsule one-cdlcd, globular, one-seeded. There is only onespecies, viz. T. alpina, a native of the mountains of Switzerland ,Austria, South of Prance, Italy, and the Pyrenees .

TRAARBACT1, a town of Germany , in die circle of Upper•Rhine , 34 miles S. W. of Coblentz, and 20 E. N. E. of Treves.TRACHEA. See Anatomy.

TRACIlELrUM, Umbelliferous Throatvvort ; in botany,a genus of plants in the class pentandvia, and order monogynia;natural order, Campanacete. Corolla fmmel-foim; stigma glo-bular : capsule three-r.clled, inferior. There are three species, all•ound at the Cape of Good Hope .

RRACHENBERG, or r L RACH ENBURG, a principality ofbdesia, bounded on the N. by the late kingdom of Poland, E. andb. hy Oels, and W. by Wolaw.

Trachenberg, the capital of the above principality, is seated?» the Bartch, 12 miles N. E. of Wolaw, and 26 N. of Breslaw.Lon. 17 . 15. Ii. Lat. 51. 30. N.

TRACIIICHTH YS, in natural history, agenus of fishes of theorder Thoracici. Head rounded in front, eye large, mouth wide,toothless, descending; gill-membrane eight-rayed; the four low-est rays rough on the edges ; scales rough ; abdomen mailed withar ge carinated scales. The only species under this genus is T.jUistvaUs, or the southern trachichthys, about live inches long, anddeep, and a native of New Holland. Its body is so stronglycoated with scales, that they cannot be detached without part ofthe skin. 1

TRACHINIA, a country of Tliessaly, in Phthiolis. Trachis''t'as the capital.

TRACIilNUS, the Weever ; in ichthyology, a genus of fishesthe order jugulares: head compressed, spinous at the top : gill-JUembrane six-rayed, the covers aculeated ; lower lamina serrated.

1 here are two species.

, r. Draco, or the Dragon-weaver, is usually about eleven in-ptes long, and inhabits the North Seas and the Mediterranean, oftenhibedding itself in the sand on the coasts. It feeds on worms, iu-e yts, and small fishes, and is in great estimation in various cotm-'tes oi Europe for the table. See Plate CXXl.p ^ RACT, in geography, an extent of ground, or a portion of thea dh’s surface.

t» * a act, in mattevs of literature, denotes a small treatise, or writ-u discourse, upon any subject.

j, "ACTION, the act of drawing, whereby, a thing is brought?.fp' to the mover.

gp RACTR1X, in geometry, a curve otherwise called catenavia.7?, L aten aria.

a 'ul the practice of exchanging goods, wares, money, bills,

{(. i 0| hcr articles of value, with the view of advantage or profit.'Hid ^caeraUy distinguished into foreign trade, or the export andtial ° rt conllllo( hties to and from other countries, and the inter-vv h' 0 | l ' 10me trade, or that which is carried on within the country,lha C " *' v .° branches, however, are rather distinct in appearanceS <'isi re;, ' it - v ’ f° r u very considerable portion of the internal trade,c 0 . AS R'om manufactures carried on to supply foreign markets,

C llot s 'thsist without foreign commerce, while a large part ofti 0n telunis for manufactures sent abroad, being articles for consump'ham ? f raw lllatp rials which are converted to use in the differentPorts'H tUres ’ depends upon our internal trade, so that the one sup-th e r Ul ? other, and by their mutual connexion and dependance,^tlieT® 0 an< ^ tlle domestic tr ade of Great Britain have risen to-tlefinp] l ' leir Present unparalleled height. Manufactures may be, the arts by which natural productions are brought into theL lv — no. 208 .

state or form in which they are consumed or used. The princi-pal manufactures are those which fabricate the various articles ofclothing; as the woollen-manufacture, the leather-manufacture illpart, the cotton-manufacture, the linen-manutacture, and the silk-manufacture ; others supply articles of household furniture, as themanufactures of glass, porcelain, earthenware, and of most of themetals in part; the iron-manufacture furnishes implements of agri-culture, and weapons of war; and the paper-manufacture sup-plies a material for communicating ideas and perpetuating know-ledge. The enhanced value of raw materials by manufacture hasbeen illustrated by the following remarks; “ One hundredpounds laid out in wool, and that wool manufactured into goods foetiie Turkey market, and raw silk brought home in return, andmanufactured here, will increase that one hundred to five thousandpounds; which quantity of silk-manufactures being sent to NewSpain, would return ten thousand pounds; which vast improve-ment of (lie first hundred pounds, becomes, in a few years, dis-persed amongst all orders and degrees, from the prince to the pea-sant. Thus, again, a parcel of ironstone, which when taken fromits natural bed, was not worth five shillings, when made into ironand steel, and thence into various manufactures for foreign mar-kets, may probably bring home to the value of ten thousand pounds;for steel may be made near three hundred times dearer than stand-ard gold, weight for weight. Twenty acres of fine tlax, whenmanufactured into the dearest and most proper goods for foreignmarkets, may, in return, bring what may tie worth ten thousandpounds; for an ounce of the finest Flanders thread has been soldin London for four pounds, and such an ounce made in Flandersinto the finest lace, may be here sold for forty pounds ; which isabove ten times the price of standard gold, weight for weight.”Manufactures had begun to flourish in different parts of Europe ,long before they were attempted in Britain ; the few articles ofthis description which were in request, being obtained in exchangefor wool, hides, tin, and such other produce as the country in a veryuncultivated state could supply. In 1337, it was enacted, thatno more wool should be exported; that no one should wear anybut English cloth ; that no cloths made beyond seas should be im-ported ; that foreign clothworkers might come into the king’sdominions, and should have such franchises as might suffice ihem.Before this time, the English were little more than shepherds andwool-sellers. The progress of improvement since the establish-ment of manufactures in this country, has in most instances Ln-euremarkably great, particularly of late years, in consequence ofan increased knowledge of the. properties of various materials, vastimprovements in all kinds of machinery, and the great capitals in-vested in most of the different branches. The value of British -in ami fact u res exported to ail countries, on an average of six years,ending with 1774, was 10,34-2,01 u/. ; the- American w ar --n-pendedfor a time an important market for several of our manufac im t s, inconsequence^ ct which the total amount exported had HR. n ;n1781 to 7,633,332/. and on an average o! six years, ending with1783, was 8,616,660/. During the peace wliii h followed, the ex-port-trade rapidly revived, and, ill the year preceding the war;with France , had attained to a magnitude beyond all i'ounei- ex-ample ; it was checked a little by the mercantile embarrassmentsin 1793, but a few years after, the unsettled slate ot several of theprincipal European powers threw many additional branches offoreign trade into the. hands of our merchants, and carried the ex-port of our manufactures to a much greater extent, and as far as itcan be ascertained, under the ad valorem duties, or computed atthe average current prices of tire goods, it amounted in toe year1 Si>4 to 40,349,642/. and in 1S03 to 41,068,94?/. I lie commo-dities included under (he term British produce, such as alum, bark,coals, cattle, fish, hops, metals, and a few oilier articles, beingunited in these accounts wi ll maiiutaclured goods, theaclunl valueof (he latter cannot be derived from them; but in a comparativeview they furnish a sufficiently accurate idea of the proportions ex-ported at different periods. The animal produce ot the. differentmanufactures of this country, and the employment created bythem, has in several instances been greatly overrated ; in-if dienumber of persons which the various branches have -at duiVienttimes been represented lo employ, were added together, theywould make the. population of the country far exceed its know u,amount, without any allowance whatever for other occupationsThe balance of trade in favour of this country has usually been9 E estimated