GALLEIN.

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preparations of tin and alumina, it yields a variety of buffs, yellowish-brownand orange shades, which have no distinctive recommendation. In someparts of England, it was formerly used for dyeing blacks on silks. The barkwas well boiled up in soft water, and the mixture was allowed to act uponscrap iron for a considerable time. The blacks dyed with this liquid are saidto have been remarkably rich, soft, and permanent. It was also employed,like logwood and galls, with copperas and iron-liquor, and was used alonewith fustic for browns. It is still, we believe, used by jobbing dyers in ruraldistricts.

Algaroba, a substance not unlike catechu in appearance and properties.It is obtained from the La Plata, and contains tannin, mixed with a deep browncolouring matter.

Amalie Acid.—This substance is obtained by decomposing caffein bymeans of chlorine gas. Its composition is C 4 (CH 3 ) 4 N 4 0 7 -|-H 2 0 . It formstransparent colourless crystals which do not lose their water at 100° C. Withammonia, potash, soda, and baryta, it forms a series of compounds of a fineviolet. The scarcity of the material prevents these from being of any prac-tical importance.

Anthokirrin.—A yellow colouring matter obtained from the flowers of thetoad-flax ( Antirrhinum linaria). The flowers are extracted with hot alcohol,the liquid evaporated to dryness, and the dry residue exhausted with water toremove sugar and gum. The insoluble part is then treated with alcohol, thesolution is filtered and evaporated to dryness, and the residue taken up withether. On evaporating the ethereal solution, the colouring matter is depositedin yellow needles, which, if dried and exposed to heat, sublime undecomposed.Alkaline liquids dissolve anthokirrin with a red colour. In ammonia and alka-line carbonates it dissolves with a yellow colour, and is re-precipitated by acids.Concentrated mineral acids dissolve it with a red colour, which turns toa yellow on standing. Strong aqueous solutions give an orange precipitatewith the acetate of lead, a yellowish-green with salts of copper, and an orangewith solutions of tin. With alum it gives a yellow lake. It dyes yellowshades of little value.

Areca Nuts have been employed, or at least recommended as an astringent.They contain also areca-red, a brownish-red dye, insoluble in cold but solublein boiling water. (“ Morin. Journ. Pharm.,” viii., 449).

Bablah, Neb-Neb, Neb-Nab, or Babulah is the fruit of Mimosa cineraria ,a tree growing in India and along the Senegal. It contains gallic and tannicacids—the former in considerable amount—and a red colouring matter. Thetotal amount of tannin and gallic acid in African samples is, according toChevreul, 57 per cent, and in those from India 49 per cent. It cannot be usedas a substitute for sumac, galls, or myrobalans on account of the accom-panying red matter, except in some particular cases. With mordants of ironand alumina it yields fawn and drab shades. Its reputed power of renderingall colours fast is imaginary, and it is now very rarely used.

Barbatimas.—An astringent, from Brazil.

Bearberry, the fruit of Arbutus Uva-Ursi, contains astringent matter, andis sometimes used in dyeing black.

Bilberries (Whinberries or Whortleberries), the fruit of Vactinium myrtillus,were formerly employed for producing certain blue and purple shades on silk.The colours thus obtained are very fugitive.