Class IV.]

TURKISH OILS—BYES AND COLOURS, IMPORTS OF .

85

Among the volatile oils from Turkey , the oil or attarof roses, and the oil of geranium or andropogon used tomix with and adulterate oil of roses, are specially worthyof mention. The oil of orange flowers is also deservingof notice. The series of Turkish oils shown, includes thefollowing: —

1.

Almonds, bitter

_

Sara.

o.

Fennel - -

-

-

Broosa.

3.

Geranium —

—

—

Mecca .

4.

Laurel — —

-

—

Salonica.

5.

Lavender —

-

-

Broosa.

6.

Lemon — -

-

—

Salonica .

i .

— —

-

_

Scio.

8.

Orange flowers

-

-

Constantinople.

9.

Origanum -

-

_

Salonica.

10.

,, —

-

-

Carlova.

11.

5 > _

Peppermint

—

-

Kezar.

12.

-

-

Janina.

13.

—

—

Kezar.

14.

_

_

Carlova.

13.

Rosemary —

-

—

Saida.

16.

-

-

Smyrna.

17.

Rose - -

-

—

Kazemlik.

18.

Sago - -

-

-

Elliferm.

19.

,, -

-

-

Constantinople.

20.

Sabine - —

—

—

Broosa.

21.

Spike — —

-

-

Constantinople.

22.

Turpentine -

-

-

23.

5 ) —

—

—

Broosa.

24.

) > _

-

-

Nicomedia.

Good samples of olive oil are exhibited in the Tuscancollection, by C. T. Orsetti, of Lucca, from the hillydistricts near that place (31, p. 1293); by RuschiBrothers, from Calici, near Pisa (32, p. 1293); by D.'Pacini, from Buti, near Pisa (33, p. 1294); and by theChevalier C. A. Saracini, of Sienna, from Castel-nuovo ,Berardenga , near Sienna (34, p. 1294). These, also, wereseverally deemed worthy of Honourable Mention.

Section III.—Dyes and Colours.

The arts of dyeing and printing in colours have under-gone very considerable modifications during the last half-century, and perhaps no manufacturing processes havereceived more important assistance from the labours ofchemists. Dyeing is purelj a chemical operation; andconsequently it has improved in exact proportion to the

advance made in the investigation of those chemical lawswhich regulate the formation of colour, and the union ofcolouring matter with the various vegetable and animalsubstances which come under the operation of the dyer.A vast number of new colouring materials have beendiscovered or made available, and improved modes havebeen devised of economically applying those already inuse; so that the dyer of the present time employs manysubstances of the very existence of which his practicalpredecessors were wholly ignorant. From the increaseduse of many of the vegetable colours, and from the im-proved modes of applying the colouring matters, a demandhas naturally sprung up for various dye-stuffs; and at thepresent time, many of the dyeing materials of distantcountries are beginning to excite the attention of practicalmen; for though they have long been acquainted withmany of these substances, it is only recently that theprogress of the art has rendered their use desirable, oreven practicable.

At the present time, by far the greater number of thevegetable dye-stuffs used in Great Britain are derivedfrom foreign countries. The following Table shows thequantity of some of the chief of those substances importedin the years 1848, 1849. and 1850; but it must be re-marked, that it includes the quantities imported forre-exportation, as well as those retained for home con-sumption by our manufacturers:—

1S4S

1S4.9

1850

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cochineal — —

- 18.380

18,254

22,451

Fustic - - -

- 154,320

175,840

-

Indigo - - -

- 59,127

81.332

70,482

Lac dye - - -

4.449

13,585

18,124

Logwood - -

- 463,840

479,840

6 3,800

Madder - — -

- 220,724

254,722

261,861

Nicaragua wood -

- 47,220

54,020

—

Safflower — —

8,144

10,452

—

Yellow-berries -

5,421

7,761

~

The proportion in which some of the principal dye-stuffs are supplied by different countries is shown inthe following table, which represents the imports for1849

Logwood.

Madder.

Fustic.

Indigo.

Lac Dye.

Safflower.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Cwts.

Fast Indian Empire -

-

-

—

424

_

77,793

13,546

10,308

British Guiana and "NYest Indies

84,120

—

25.140

73

—

_

British North America

_

—

4,460

-

420

_

Malta - - — —

_

-

-

2,246

_

_

France - — - -

-

—

—

80,568

_

_

53

Holland - - -

-

-

-

31.570

-

_

_

_

Spain — — — —

—

—

-

4.091

-

_

_

Naples - - - —

—

-

-

34.632

_

_

_

—

Turkey — — — —

—

—

—

99,701

_

_

_

United States — -

_

_

44,340

169

15,920

45

39

Central America — -

-

—

2,520

_

_

2,494

Mexico - - — -

_

_

144,860

-

13,080

_

_

_

Cuba - — - -

2,580

42,340

14

_

New Granada - -

-

-

-

_

56,640

317

_

Hayti - - - -

-

—

122,320

—

2,560

_

_

_

Honduras — — —

_

—

72,960

14

214

_

Brazil - — - —

—

_

_

11,800

_

_

Chili - - - -

_

—

420

_

216

_

Venezuela — - —

_

_

_

_

6.860

3

„

Miscellaneous — —

-

-

1,260

1.321

1,066

163

-

91

Total -

-

-

479,840

254,722

175,840

81,332

13,585

10,452