192

Glass 2.— CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.South Gallery.

'"United

43 Jenkins, William Harry, Truro —Inventor.

Arsenical powders—“ Arsenical compound a general

preventive of foulness, barnacles, &c., on ships’ bottoms,buoys, &c., and of dry-rot in buildings.

44 Pox & Barrington, 9 Clarence Street, Manchester —

Manufacturers.

Common salt. Brimstone (sulphur). Salt cake (ofsoda). Barilla , or black ash (ball soda). Soda-ash (im-pure carbonate of soda). Bleaching-powder. Nitrate oflead. Chlorate of potash. Super-sulphate of soda. Tincrystals (chloride of tin). Blue or Roman vitriol (sulphateof copper). Nitrate of copper. Yellow prussiate (ferro-cyanide of potassium). Red prussiate (ferricyanide ofpotassium). White, mottled, and yellow soda-soaps.

45 Barnes, James Benjamin, 143 Hew Bond Street —

Manufacturer.

Valerianic acid—produced from the hydrated oxide ofamyle, or oil of corn spirit, by oxidation with chromicacid.

Valerianate of potassa and soda—employed in the form-ation of most of the following salts:—Valerianate of am-monia, baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, alumina, oxideof chromium, protoxide of nickel and cobalt, and oxide ofmanganese.

Valerianate of oxide of iron, sesqui-oxide of iron, andoxide of zinc—employed in medicine as tonics and anti-spasmodics.

Valerianate of oxide of lead—oxide of silver—sub-oxideof mercury—oxide of mercury—ter-oxide of bismuth—oxide of copper—oxide of cadmium—ter-oxide of antimony—oxide of tin—morphia—quina—cinchonia—strychnia—and oxide of ethyle.

[This Valerianic acid and series of its salts, have beenmanufactured by the exhibitor, in the laboratory of Messrs.Savory & Moore, New Bond Street. Valerianic acid wasdiscovered some years since, by Prince Lucien Buona-parte, and by him successfully introduced into medicine.It is of considerable interest to the chemist from the factof its having been artificially prepared by M. Dumas, byacting upon amylic alcohol (oil of corn spirit) with causticpotash.

The valerianic acid is naturally contained in the volatileoil obtained by the distillation of the valerian root , in verysmall proportions. The same acid, however, may be pro-duced artificially, by the indirect oxidation of the fusel-oil separated from crude spirits in the process of rectifica-tion, which is the cause of the whiskey flavor of grainspirit before rectification. The fusel-oil is heated with alarge proportion of caustic potass, when hydrogen isdisengaged and valerianate of potash remains. The acidis easily separated from the remaining valerianate ofpotash by distillation with sulphuric acid.

This offers a beautiful and striking example of theartificial formation of an acid naturally formed by theprocess of vegetation of the officinal valerian. It hasthe same composition and properties as the latter, andmay therefore be advantageously substituted for it in allpharmaceutical preparations.

The valerianates comprised in the series exhibited,were prepared with the artificial acid and obtained byoxidising the amylic alcohol with chromic acid; it is acolourless oily fluid, having a peculiar and disagreeableodour, and possesses all the properties and qualities ofthat which is obtained from the root of valerian; itforms soluble salts with bases, which are distinguishedby the disagreeable smell of the acid, and also by asweetish taste. The first specimen in the series con-sists of the pure acid; then follow the salts, beingtwenty-three in number, namely,—those of potash, soda,ammonia, baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, alumina,

chromium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, sesqui-oxide ofiron, zinc, silver, sub-oxide of mercury, bismuth, copper,cadmium, antimony, quinine, morphia, and the oxide ofethyle (valerianic ether). Of these the potash salt resem-bles phosphorus in appearance, is soft like it, and whencut has a waxy lustre, is deliquescent, and when struckwith any hard body produces a peculiar metallic sound,somewhat like that occasioned when a ball of camphor isstruck in a similar manner. The valerianate of soda isin masses made up of small crystals and is deliquescent.The valerianate of ammonia, also in crystals, and like-wise deliquescent; of baryta, and of strontia also crystal-line ; of lime in crystalline scales; of alumina as a whitepowder; of chromium as a grey, of nickel as a green, andof cobalt as a beautiful peach-coloured powder; of man-ganese in fine rose-coloured scales; the persalt of iron,orange yellow, pulverulent, and soluble in alcohol; zincas a granular crystalline powder; silver as a grey, mercuryand bismuth white powders; copper blue and pulverulent;cadmium in white crystalline scales; antimony w 7 kiteand pulverulent; quinine, in no definitely formed crystals;morphia, in fine tufts of acicular crystals. The valerianicether is a colourless fluid of a penetrating and disagree-able odour, its specific gravity is 0 • 894. Of the fore-going the valerianates of zinc, iron, and quinine havebeen the most extensively and the most advantageouslyused in medicine, and there exists no doubt but thatthose of potash, soda, ammonia, bismuth, oxide of ethyle,and other bases may be also very beneficially employedby the physician.]

46 Parrott, W., 7 Cleveland Street —Producer.

Illustrations in oil and water colour, of an intense andsemi-transparent brown colouring substance, derived fromthe smut of corn.

47 Wood & Bedford, Leeds —Manufacturers.

Specimens of the varieties of lichen used in the manu-facture of cudbear, orchil and litmus, including Roccellafuciformis, Roccella tinctoria, Ramalina farinacea, Parmeliaperlata , Parmelia tartarea, Umbilicaria pustulata, and Gyro-phora murmia.

Substances obtained from the preceding, by chemicalanalysis, including erythric, lecanoric, and roccellic acids,picro-erythrine, orcine, and ashes of Roccella fuciformis.Specimens of cudbear and orchil, and of their applica-tions in dyeing and staining.

[Chemists have shown the presence of a variety ofsingular chemical principles in lichens used by the dyer.The colouring principles are Orcine, Erythrine, Vulpuline,Strychnochromine, Lecanorine, Usnine, See. The colouringmatter is used largely by the dyer, and by the chemistfor the preparation of test-papers.—R. E.]

48 Blundell, Spence, & Co., Hull , and 9] UpperThames Street- —Inventors and Manufacturers.

Brunswick or chrome greens, of various tints andshades, used in oil painting and paper-staining.

Greens. — For painters, paper-stainers, &c., having abase of copper, viz., emerald green, green verditer,mineral greens, &c., &c.

Blues.—Chinese , Prussian, refiners, verditers, ultra-marine, &c.

Ochres.—Yellow, red, brown, &c.

Yellows.—Chromes, all shades, King’s yellow, patentyellow, Dutch pink, &c., &c.

Reds.—Red chrome, mineral and vegetable reds.

Lakes.—Carmines. Lakes of all colours and shades.

Browns.—Vandyke brown, umbers, terra de Sienna,York brown, &c.

Blacks.—Vegetable, animal, and mineral.