282
Class 6.— MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS.North Areas A. B. 10 to 31; C. D. E. 1 to 10, & 19 to 33 ; G. H. 25, 26.
[United
124 Clymer & Dixon, G. & S., 10 Mnsbury Street,Finsbury Square —Patentees and Manufacturers.Demy Columbian printing press.
128 Redmond, Amedee Franjois, Birmingham —Inventor.
Working model, in wood, of a machine for dry-cement-ing envelopes, patented by the exhibitor. By this pro-cess, the envelopes can be immediately folded withoutrequiring the tedious process of drying, in common use.
130 Donkin, Bryan, & Co., Bermondsey —Manufacturersand part Inventors.
Model of a machine for making paper, with patentimprovements.
132 Brewer, Jane, 19 Surrey Place, Old Kent Soad—Manufacturer.
Endless brass wire cloth for a paper machine.
Straight laid, spirally laid, and wove wire dandy rollers,for producing in paper, made by machine, the “ laid ”watermark, devices, names, &c.
Laid and wove wire paper moulds, used in makingpaper by hand.
Wove wire of different degrees of fineness.
[The use of dandy rollers of the kind described is tocommunicate to paper made by mechanical power the“wire’’and other marks generally supposed to indicatethe fact of hand-labour having been employed in themanufacture of the papers.—R. E.]
134 Cowper, Edward, F.R.S., King's College, Londcm,and 9 Kensington Park lload, Netting HiU —Inventorand Patentee.
Model of the printing machine now in general use. TheCatalogue of the Exhibition is printed by these machines.
The model was made by T. B. Winter , Esq., a student inKing’s College, London.
[The following is a brief review of the progress of print-ing by machinery:—In 1790, Nicholson proposed placingboth the types and paper upon cylinders, and also dis-tributing and applying the ink by means of cylinders.Another plan was to place the types upon a table, and thepaper upon a cylinder, and to cause the table and type topass backward and forward under the paper cylinder.In 1813, Donkin and Bacon proposed placing the typesupon a prism, and causing it to revolve against an irre-gular-shaped cylinder upon which the paper was placed.Neither of the above machines came into use, but in thelatter, Donkin introduced the “composition” inkingrollers ( i. e. elastic rollers, made of treacle and glue), fordistributing and applying the ink. In 1814, Koenig madethe first working machine, and erected two of them atthe office of the “ Times ” newspaper, each of which pro-duced 1,800 impressions per hour, and they continued inuse until 1827: he also made two machines for Mr.Benslev, one producing 800 impressions per hour, and theother printing 800 sheets, both sides, per hour. In 1816,Cowper made machines to print from curved stereotypeplates, and in 1818, one to print from ordinary type.These machines printed from 800 to 1,000 sheets on bothsides, or from 2,000 to 2,400 impressions on one side ofthe sheet. Machines to print only one side are generallycalled newspaper machines, and machines to print bothsides are called book machines.]
The cut represents one of these book machines: itconsists of a cast-iron frame, about 14 feet long and 4 feetwide, in which an iron table slides backward and forward,
passing in its progress under two cast-iron cylinders,called the paper cylinders. Two sets of type, technicallycalled the form, are fixed on the table at such a distancefrom each other that one form passes under one cylinder,and the other form under the other cylinder, the sheet ofpaper being held on the cylinder by means of tapes. Ateach end of the machine is a reservoir, or trough, of ink,the trough being made by an iron roller, about 3 inchesdiameter, turning in contact with a flat iron bar, whichonly allows a very small quantity of ink to pass; thisiron bar is the abductor, but is commonly called the“ doctor,” and the iron roller the “doctor” roller. Anelastic composition roller is made to vibrate between thetable and the abductor roller, and conveys the ink from thelatter to the table. A number of composition rollers areplaced across the table, their axes resting in notched bear-ings. As the table passes backward and forward under theserollers, the ink deposited by the vibrating roller becomesvery evenly spread upon the table. This spreading, or
distribution, as it is called, is effected by three or four ofthe rollers (called the “distributing rollers”) not onlyhaving amotion round their axes, but also a motion in thedirection of the length of their axes, i.e., in an end morion.This motion was produced in Mr. Cowper’s first machinesby giving an end motion to the frame, which supportedthe distributing rollers. Mr. Applegath suggested the.more simple mode of placing the rollers in a diagonal orsloping position across the table, and making the axis long!enough to slide in their notches. Three or four otheirollers, called the “ inking rollers,” have no end motion,their office is to take the ink up from the table, and nPPvit to the types. Thus the “ taking,” “ distributing, 311“ inking ” is all done by the machine itself.
The sheet of paper is laid by a boy on a web of tape >whence it is carried forward, and enters between tw r o sof tapes ; and as these tapes are carried round one pap ,,cylinder, and then over and under two wooden “ dm 1 ) 1 .,to the other paper cylinder, the sheet of paper necessa j