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{ * 2- The summer.
<( Girders framed into the summer.
4. Spaces between the joists.
<( 5. Joists.
<t S’ , ^ l 'i mm ers for the chimney way.
.. . '• Trimmers for the staircase, or well - hole for thestairs.”
—“ Of the Design.the house, cantalivers, cornices,
Figure 2.
A A The breadth of(< and eaves.
A B The length of the raftings and furrings, which ought« rp° ' 3e three-fourths of the breadth of the house, a a.
Dp • ae principal rafters to be cut with a knee (as in theWtP* t * lat the y ma y the better support themselves and theg ecn len over them, upon the upright of the wall, and alsonth 16 •^ lat P art ft' om the dripping in of the rain, whichatl ^' v ' Se would happen if the rafters were made straight
furred.
beams to the roof, or girder to the garret floor,
“ Th
° u £ht t ■ -
s hr iV° P TO ject without the work, as far as the furring or,
«'rp, la o’ which is the projecture of the cornice,to Set e 3 rnanner °f framing the roof will be useful from 20ti j f ee t, or thereabouts.
«, g Ground plate.
“ 3 S ar ^ er ’ or binding interduce, or bressummer.
« 4 ^eam to the roof, or girder to the garret floor.
« Principal post, and upright brick wall.
“r ;! races -„2’ quarters.
ii I* fnterduces.
«g Prick -post, or window-post.
“ ij, ” aumes , or door-posts.
“ 11 ’ King-piece, or joggle-piece. J
“ 12 n trutS ’
K Collar-beam, strut-beam, wind-beam, or top-beam.
“ 14 ^ 00r bead.
<t i . Principal rafters.
“ 1 r' ^ un ’i n gs, or shreddings.ic, I Pnds of the lintels and pieces,and o ’ Pending, moulding of the cornice over the windows,
(c s P a '-e between.
P'ece Knees of the principal rafters, which are to be of onePurline mortises.”
d- “Design of the gable end, or roof —Let the wholein °;' !. he b rable . end > or roof, a a, be 20 feet, divide theof the* 110 . fo " r e( l ua i parts ; take thereof three for the lengthfrouj Pnncipal rafter, ab, and placing that perpendiculars leeuei. 6 P°' nt c ; to the point d, beget the length of thethe <j 0 A I:> ; which will be 18 feet. And the length ofPitch ,. lnier ' s principal rafter, from a to e, when laid to itslin e n jJ )0n tLe back of the principals, will reach to the levelr Ule fv’ ?! to P °f the principal rafter; and this is a general“ 1 o' breadths.
“ 2' jt Uniraer , or beam.
“3' ,, ln g-piece, crown-post, or joggle-piece.
“ 4 p race s, or struts.
“ 5 rptrucipal rafters.
“ q' toe sleeper.
“ 7 urline of the dormer.
" 8- S' InC ' pal rafter of the dormer.p UH .^ete rafter of the dormer, standing on the sleeper
“ lo ^° | ' n t of the sleeper.
Plate s >> ’ Pbe thickness of the wall and
lintels, or wall-
Figure 4 .—“ Of the Italian or hip roof.
“ a a The breadth of the roof, being 20 teet.
“ab The length of the sleepers or hips, being 18 feet,which is proportionable to the breadth of the house.“ed The height of the roof perpendicular.
“CD The length of the hip, and the angle which itmaketh upon the diagonal line, which is showed by thepricked line G, from F to C.
“ 1, 2. The wall and lintels.
“ 3. Dragon-beam for the hip to stand on.
“ 4. Beam on summer, wherein the dragon - beams areframed.
“ 5. King-piece, or crown-post.
“ 6. Struts or braces from the crown-post to the hip-rafter.
“ 7. Hips, as they make the angle equal to the breadth ofthe house.
“ 8. Hips, as they make the angle in the diagonal linesfrom corner to corner.
“ 9. The additional length which the hips make uponthe diagonal lines, more than the breadth of the house.”
“ Qf fl at r00 f s - — (Carpentry, Plate II. Fig. 1.)—Withina camber-beam and rafters joggled in, whose weight liethnot chiefly in the middle, and may be so made, that, withouthanging up the beam, the principals may discharge theweight; and how drips may be made to walk on.
“ 1. Camber-beam.
“ 2. Principals joggled into the camber-beam.
“ 3. The place where the principals are joggled in.
“ 4. Puncheons, or braces.
“ 5. Drips to walk on, and may be made with the lesscurrent, that the roof may be made the more pitch, for thestrengthening thereof: and may be made higher or lower,according to the building and discretion of the architect.
“ 6. Battlement.”
Figure 2.—“ A flat roof with a crown - post, or king-piece.”
Figure 3.— “ Of the hip roof.—Instructions to find the lengthand bach of the hip, so as it may answer the side and theend of the perpendicular line of the gable end, the twoskirts, the side of the roof in piano, or lying in ledgmentwith the hip and gable end, the diagonal and perpendicularlines being laid down proportional to any breadth orlength, by which the most ingenious may serve himself, andan ordinary capacity (already acquainted with the use ofthe ruler and compass) may plainly demonstrate all theparts of a roof, whether square or bevel, above pitch orunder pitch, by lines of proportion, as may appear in theDesign following :—
“ Suppose the roof 20 feet broad, and in length 30, 40, or50 feet, more or less. Let a b c d be the sides and ends ofthe said roof, one end to be hipped, the other a gable end;draw the lines a b c d the breadth and length of the roof;then draw the gable end a b e, whose sides or principalrafters being three-fourths of the breadth of the house, thendraw the perpendicular line e f, the height of the gable end,which line is of general use to level the ridge of all roofs;and if the other end be hipped, as in the Design, bcg, thenit serves to find the length of the hip, and the back of thehip, so that it may answer both sides and ends of the roof;always observing, that the middle of the breadth of the houseis as 1 h ; then draw the line ken through the centre 1,which will make right angles to the line e f h g, both inbevel and square houses. Then extend the line A b, on bothsides to o, being the length of a e, or e b, the length of theprincipal rafters, or three-fourths of the breadth of the house