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So will o n and o k make the length of the ridge i f ; and k dand c n, the two skirts.

“ To find the length of the hip. —Draw the diagonal lined i and i c, over which the hip is to hang when in its dueplace; then take the perpendicular line e f, and place it fromthe point i to p p, perpendicular to the diagonal or base linesd i and i c, at i; so is i p and i p, the pitch of the hip, equalto the gable end, e f : and when erected, will hang perpen-dicular to the point i; then take p d, the hypothenuse of thetriangle dip, and c p, the hypothenuse of the triangle cip,placing them from d to G, and c to G gives the length of thehip d g c, and when laid to their pitch, will all meet perpen-dicular to the point I.

“ To find the bach of the hip, so that it may answer bothsides and ends of the roof, whether square or bevel. —Laythe ruler from the point l to the point h, and from the point hto 3i, and mark where it cuts the diagonal lines d i and I c atQ Q ; then set one foot of the compasses on the point Q, andextend the other foot to the hip lines d p and C p, at thenearest distance ; with that, mark the point r upon the samediagonal lines ; then draw the pricked lines l r h and h r m,which make the back of the hip for the two corners of thatroof.

“ This rule serves for all roofs, whether over or underpitch.”

Figure 4 .—“ Of roofs bevel at one end, and square at the

other; the gable end square, and the bevel end hipped.

“ Suppose the breadth of the roof to be 20 feet, the lengthmore on one side than on the other, as in the Design, abcd,then draw the gable end, a e b, whose sides, from a to e, andfrom e to b, are three-fourths of the breadth of the house, orthe length of the principal rafters ; then draw the perpendi-cular, e f, the height of the roof from the floor ; and, ifkneed, then from the top of the knee, as in the design of akneed rafter, before-going.

“ The sides of the roof, which make the ridge giiik, tobe drawn as described in the foregoing design.

“ Divide the breadth of the roof in two equal parts, asf l Q, then take the distance l n, which is the half breadthof the house, and make it parallel to C Q d, as M L M, and Lwill be the point whose perpendiculars, o t, will meet theprincipals, rafters, and hips.”

“ To find the length of each hip, distinct one from theother. — Of the longest hips. —Draw the diagonal line l c, andtake the height of the gable end, e f, and place it perpendi-cular to j . c, at o ; so have you the height of the roof per-pendicular from o l , equal to e f, the gable end ; and theline o C will be the length of the hip-rafter, which will beequal to c n, the skirt for that side of the hip, and c p theside of that hip end.

“ To find the back of the longest hip, c O.—Lay the rulerfrom the point m to Q, and mark where it cuts the diagonalline at R; then set the foot of the compasses at the point r,and extend the other foot till it touch the line C o at thenearest distance; then make it touch the diagonal line at s,then draw the lines M s Q, which is the back of the hip forthat corner of the roof.

“ To find the shortest hip. —Draw the diagonal l d, andtake e f, the perpendicular of the gable end, as before, andplace it from l to t, perpendicular toiD; then draw theline t d, which is the length of the hip for that corner,and is equal to the skirt, d i, and the side of that hip, d p,which, when erected, will meet with the other principals,perpendicular to the point l.

“ To find the back of the hip. —Lay the ruler from thepoint q, to the point u, and mark where it cuts the diagonalline l d, at v: extend the compasses from the point v, to

touch the line t d at the nearest distance, and carry thatdistance on the diagonal line to the point w j then draw thepricked lines m w Q, yvliich will make the back of thathip fit for that bevel corner.

“ And this rule serves for all bevel roofs, whether over orunder pitch.”

Figure 5. —“ Of a roof bevel at both ends, and broader oione end than the other.

“abcd. The length and breadth of the house.

“ e f g. The length of the rafters, or pitch betweenthe widest and narrowest ends, about the middle of thehouse, to stand over the pricked line x x, for the foot Fto stand on the one x, the foot G to stand on theother x.

“ H h. The point of the two hip ends, when brought totheir due place, will be perpendicular to p p, and willmeet the sides i k, l m, over the points p p.

“ o, o, o, o. The points of the perpendiculars, and lengthof the hips, from abcd.

“ Q, Q> Q, Q- The backs of the hips, or hip-mould to eachcorner.

“ r, r, r, r. The points to find out Q, the point for eachback.

“ s s, s s. The lines representing half the breadth of thehouse, parallel to each end.

“xx. Representing the middle of the house.

“ Notwithstanding the bevel ends, you may place yo urbeams for your principal rafters to stand on a square, or sonear a square as may be, or between both, as from the endsof the pricked lines i K, l m, bringing the outside of themstraight under p p, which will be more handsome for thehouse in the inside, although it bevels outward.”

The foregoing descriptions and diagrams contain all the*is said on carpentry by Godfrey Richards; we shall no' vadd a few observations.

In the explanation of Figure 1, Plate I., Carpenxrv,have the names of the several timbers which constitute 9floor, and the manner in which they are disposed. In th* 9explanation, and the plan which accompanies it, wegirders, summers, and bressummers. The summer run 9parallel to the front of the building; another piece of tin)b eris placed in the front, parallel to, and in the same levelthe summer ; if the front timber terminate the aperturestheir height, and the wall be of brick, this timber is caH e ,^a lintel; but if the lower side of the timber do not term 1 ^nate the windows, it is called a wall-plate. If the front "' 9is constructed of timber-work, then the level piece of timb ^in the floor, and in the front of the house, is called asummer, which in modern carpentry, when employed in 111same ofiice, still retains that name; and hence the terbressummer signifies a summer in the breast or front of 1building. The use of the summer was to support the enof the adjacent girders; and the bressummer was not on !to support the end of the one girder, but to tie thetogether. In the present construction of houses, sunun ^are not employed. In old carpentry, the girders supp° rtlI 'jthe joisting were sustained at their ends by the summers 99bressummers, lintels, or wall-plates. In modern carpe'* 11 ^.the girders are sustained by opposite walls, upon plateslintels, and are still used over every extensive bearingsupport the joisting. 6

In modern timber - buildings, and partitions, the s9 ^names are still used for the same things, as in old carpe"wherever the things themselves are employed, except .few instances, viz., the interduces are now called inter' ^the middle beam of the roof went by several names* ^collar-beam, strut-beam, wind-beam, or top-beam ; but