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roofing it with lead, and preventing the entrance of birdsand rain by putting glass into the windows, yet such glass asallowed the light to shine within and our author goes onto state that the same Wilfrid built a new church at Ripon,of polished stone, “ with columns variously ornamented, andporches.” The account of the dedication of this church isgiven in full, and is the earliest description of the kindextant.

A curious and somewhat detailed account is given by theMonk of Ramsey, of the construction of the church at Ram-sey existing previously to the one dedicated in his time. Hesays, “ it was raised on a solid foundation, driven in by thebattering-ram, and had two towers above the roofs : thelesser was in front at the west end ; the greater, at the inter-section of the four parts of the building, rested on fourcolumns, connected together by arches carried from one tothe other.” lie further adds, that this church was obligedto be pulled down, and a new one erected in its stead, inconsequence of a settlement in the central tower, which ren-dered the entire building unsafe.—That this church waj ofstone can scarcely be doubted, after perusing the abovenarrative ; but we have direct and explicit mention of thefact, for the same author, in describing the labours of theworkmen, says : “ Some brought the stones, others madethe cement, while others attended to the machines for raisingthe stones; so that in a short time was seen the sacrededifice with its two towers, where previously there had beenbut a barren waste.”

A curious representation of an Anglo-Saxon Church is tobe seen in an Illuminated Pontifical in the Public Library at Rouen , containing the order for the dedication and con-secration of churches ; the date of which is ascribed by someto the eighth, and by others to the tenth, century; that themanuscript is of English origin has never been doubted.This miniature in black outline represents the ceremony ofdedication. The form of the church is remarkably similarto that of our existing cathedrals, which is more especiallynoticeable in the form of the towers and spires, the symboli-cal cock on the steeple, and the ornamental hinges of thedoor.

We are here naturally led into some inquiry respecting thematerials, form, and disposition of these early cathedrals.The materials employed by the Anglo-Saxons seem to havebeen wood and stone, but during what time either material wasused cannot easily be determined ; whether they were bothused at the same period, under different circumstances, orwhether at any point of time the one was superseded by theother, we are unable to learn. It has been supposed, andwith some plausibility, that wooden churches were erectedby the Scotch and Irish missionaries, and the more substan-tial fabrics by those from Rome , and this idea seems to beborne out by Bede , who states “ that Adrian, the first bishopof Lindisfarne, having departed this life, Finan, sent andordained by the Scots, succeeded him, and built a church inthe island after the method of the Scots; which was builtnot of stone, but of hewn oak, and covered with reeds.”This writer adds, that “ Eadbert, the seventh bishop, took offthe thatch, and covered both the walls and roof with lead.”It seems very reasonable likewise that the Roman missionaries,who had been used to the structures of Italy , should not feelsatisfied with mere wooden buildings. It is true it seems tobe noted as somewhat unusual, that Wilfrid built a church atRipon of polished stone, yet the novelty may not have con-sisted in the erection being of stone, but rather in the fact ofthe stone being smoothed or polished ; for it is probable thatthe first buildings, after the Roman manner, were of roughundressed stone, there being neither time, means, nor workmen

to complete a more finished structure. It is very probablethat Wilfrid’s church was built by Italian workmen, asknow that he had frequented Rome , and was a man toozealous in promoting the temporal splendour of the church,allow any opportunity of forwarding his object to slip P ilSunimproved. There can be little doubt but that in processof time the employment of stone entirely superseded that otimber.

No inconsiderable notion is afforded us of the form and diS'position of the parts of the early cathedrals, from an accouoalready referred to—we allude to that of the church at Ramsey-From this description we gather that the plan of the churo^was cruciform, with a tower rising from the intersection, aIianother at the west end of the church. .

We learn from Wolstan, that there was a tower at the > veSend of the old church at Winchester, but that in the ne'structure the tower was towards the eastern extremity, an .of the last it is related that it consisted of five stories, in eslC jof which were four windows looking towards the cardm apoints. 1

Further, in the miniature of the Illuminated Pontn lC ‘^above described, we notice that the tower is surmounted by ‘steeple, a fact which, were it not for other considerate^’would almost tempt us to refer the manuscript to a ® 11 -later date, as we know that such additions were not tc ifrequent, even in the Norman period; indeed, the idea oSaxon cathedral afforded us by these descriptions, appr° aC *very nearly to actual existing specimens of much later da 'We must not conclude from these accounts that all churc' 1 -of this date were cruciform, for we learn the contrary >*' jBede , who speaks of churches as square ; some have snpP 0 ^that Ramsey was the first instance of a cruciform ed i free,this was not the case, as is evinced by a metrical descrip 11of a cathedral, written long before its erection. ...

Having thus far considered the nature of the Saxon cat tdrals, we arrive at the Normannumber were erected; but

examples of this period, we do not think it requisite to P ^sue a detailed inquiry any further: we shall now proceesome description of the cathedrals of the present day.

The term Cathedral includes generally the wholebuildings connected with the bishop’s see, includingchurch, chapter-house, chapels, cloisters, dormitories, 1 ^ etories, residences for those engaged in attendance ° n ^bishop, and in the services of the cathedral, and building^. ja variety of uses; it is applied, however, in a more e=P' shallsense, only to the church, and to such application " econfine ourselves in the following remarks. jj ia t

The plan of our old cathedral churches is invariablyof a Latin cross, having the nave in the longesttransepts in the two cross arms, and the choir, compn slI, » t j )6remaining length of the church, to the east of the naye » ^English always placing their altar at the east end, whtc ^more frequently square, than either circular or inulta n »as in the continental churches. Not unusually the p' a , n pel,extended further eastward, to provide for an additional c udedicated to our Ladye, and sometimes, though mu c a tfrequently, a similar, but smaller projection, was ah ^the west end : this was the Galilee porch, so named, jjelearn from Gervase, from the passage of Scriptureygoeth before you into Galilee, there ye shall see hithis being the place where the monks were allowed to ® ee e ps,female relatives; here was also the station of catech 0 t-and the resting-place of corpses previous to their in (el t ofIn some instances we find a double transept, east and 'each other, as at Canterbury; the additional arm is ac ^° a i)0'' efor symbolically as representing the inscription place

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