CAU

122

CEI

feet in breadth. Each stall has two doors, the one for admissionof the cattle, the other for the persons who attend them; andwhen the buildings are of great length, it may be convenientto have additional doors at each end. There should likewisebe a water-trough in each stall, and where a stream can bemade to run through the whole range, it is productive of greatadvantage. The boxes, or mangers, for particular sorts offood, as well as racks for hay, are also necessary to renderthese buildings complete. The bottom of the stalls may beformed of strong planking, laid so as to have a very slightdescent, and perforated with holes for the passage of the urineinto the reservoir. There should also be openings in the wall,behind the cattle, between every two stalls, of about two feetsquare, for discharging the dung, with proper shutters fittedto them. Each stall should likewise have a wooden window,of about the same size, for the admission of light and for freeventilation, placed as high as the house or shed will admit.The reservoir for the dung or urine should extend the wholelength of the building. For farther particulars on this subject,see Cow-Hotjse.

CAUKING, or Cocking, the mode of fixing the tie-beamsof a roof, or the binding-joists of a floor, down to the wall-plates. This was formerly done by dovetailing, in the follow-ing manner:—a small part of the depth of the beam at theend of the under side was cut in the form of a dovetail, anda corresponding notch, to receive it, was formed on theupper side of the wall-plate, across its breadth; making, ofcourse, the wide part of the dovetail towards the exteriorpart of the wall, so that the beams, when laid in their notches,and the roof finished, would tend greatly to prevent the wallsfrom separating, though strained by inward pressure, or evenif having a tendency to spread through accidents or badworkmanship. But beams fixed according to this mode,having been found liable to be drawn to a certain degree outof the notches in the wall-plates, from the shrinking of thetimber; a more secure mode has succeeded, which preventsall possibility of one being drawn out of the other, howeverunseasoned the stuff may be, or however affected by changesof weather. See Cocking.

CAULICOLES (from caulis, a stalk or stem), in theCorinthian capital, eight stalks between each two of theupper row of leaves, ramifying upwards, each into twofoliated branches, and seeming to support the volutes underthe abacus; each branch supporting one of the sixteenvolutes, or helices, two of which are placed at each angle,and two in the middle of each face of the abacus.

CAULKING, in sliip-building, the operation of driv-ing a quantity of oakum, or old untwisted ropes, intothe seams of the planks in the sides or decks of aship, to secure the interior from water. After the oakumis driven very hard into the seams, it is covered withhot melted pitch, or rosin, to prevent the water from rot-ting it.

Caulking Ikons, chisels for driving the oakum into theseams; in caulking, these chisels are some broad, some round,and others grooved.

CAUSEWAY, in the most usual sense, denotes a commonhard raised way, maintained and repaired with stones andrubbish.

It also signifies a massive construction of stone, stakes, andfascines; or an elevation of fat viscous earth, well beaten;serving either as a road across wet marshy places, or as amole to retain the waters of a pond, or prevent a river fromoverflowing low lands.

CAUSTIC CURVE, in the higher geometry, a curveformed by the concourse of the rays of light reflected fromsome other curve. It is not of much use in building, as

this reflection only forms one of the known curves, which a 10all specified under their respective heads. ,

CAVH2DIUM (from the Latin , cava and tedium), a vaca 0 ^space within the body of a building; in a Roman house,was what we now call a court. According to Vitruvius , th erwere five kinds of cavEcdia, denominated Tuscan, CorinthU&htetrastyle, displuvinated, and testudinated. ..

The Tuscan cavsedium had a roof projecting from each tva ’leaving an aperture in the middle; it was suspended 0the walls without the intervention of any support from pm aor columns. j

The Corinthian ca.vasdium was similar to the Tuscan, excefthat the roof was supported by columns. ^

The tetrastyle, as its name implies, had one column at eaof the four angles of the roof, for its support. , g

The displuvinated, being without any roof, admitted ataccess of the light to the windows of the surrounding i°°and was therefore calculated for winter apartments.

The testudinated, which was covered with a vault ° r c ^cave ceiling, rising from the walls, was used when the ,or impetus was not very great; the space above beingfor various kinds of apartments. The latter, however* \hardly be deemed a court, though it comes under the g e ° edenomination of cavsedium. ..p

CAVAZION, Cavasion, or Cavation , an exca'’ a 1made in the ground for the foundation of a building. oll tCAVE, a subterraneous hollow place, or the space dug ^for cellarage and other purposes below the basement TO f t ]iea house. A common allowance for this is one-sixth ot ^height of the building. Caves, without doubt, were al ? te ithe first habitations of men, before they became acq ua U e ywith the method of rearing a covering for shelter.were also used in the early ages as receptacles t° r

dead.

CAVEA, in the ancient amphitheatres, properlythe place where the wild beasts were kept; but thewas also applied to the middle part, called the aren ^,p]ii‘frequently denoted the whole of the interior of the a *theatres, as well as of the theatres. _ al ttiSi

CAVETTO (Italian, a diminutive of the Latin , ^,j l0 sehollow), a concave moulding or cove, the curvature °*. t ;oUsection does not exceed the quarter of a circle ; its p r °J jpUmay be equal to its altitude, and should never be l eS ^ th|two-thirds of it. The cavetto, which is the reverse g p 0ovolo, or quarter-round, is sometimes used in the “ O'^crowning mouldings of cornices ; and forms the upp®£ eC ist>her of the architrave of some of the most beautiful t jjSIonics. The hollow moulding used in the bases betwtori, &c., is also called a cavetto. , ar e,

CEILING (from the Latin , ccelum, the sky, or eecover), the inside of the roof, or top of an apartment,^ of

fie'

to the surface of the floor. Ceilings may be ehhe^coved, or both

the margin and flat in the middle.

Coved ceilings are sometimes conca ^

or

to

otherwise

SeC to° (

of vaulted ceilings may be of various segments, e< ig l>'less than semicircles, as may be most suitable to the °

entS)

vaulted. See Vault. The former occupy from U oi>Sone-fourth of the height of the room. The principal^ tft ( j

of

the room. (

Flat ceilings are adorned with large compart® 1foliages and other ornaments, or with both.

Compartment ceilings are either formed by raisi ^

ings on the surface, or by depressing the panels ,moulded enclosure, which may be partly raised 1^ Tparly recessed within the framing, or entirely recess Jfigures of the panels may be either polygonal, ^^io felliptical. The ceilings of the porticos, and of the i