CEI
123
CEL
recp 611 * tem P le8 > were comparted, and the panels deeplyi g .! the prominent parts between them representing, itMii h ^ le anc ' en t manner of framing the beams of woodthe com posed the floors. The mouldings on the sides ofinve^j^ 3 are sun k ' n one > two, or several degrees, liked ecQ r ed steps; and the bottoms of panels are most frequentlymo8 /ed with roses. The figures of these compartments areU Se( j ^ ®1 u ilateral and equiangular. Triangles were seldomah ’ but we find squares, hexagons, and octagons in greatRom ance> The framing around the panels, in Grecian and<fn,! Xam P leS ’ is constantly parallel, or of equal breadth;Va r ;„.° re ’ w hen squares are introduced, there is no otheran otli ' 3ut hexagons will join in contiguity with onetri an J] 1 "’ or P° r m the interstices into lozenges, or equilateralof i ts ° es ‘ Octagons naturally form two varieties, viz., thatc° rnt) „°' Vn figure, and squares in the interstices ; this kind ofH'hicl'i rnent ' s ca ^ e d coffering, and the recessed parts coffers,drigjji are us ed not only in plain ceilings, but also in cylin-
faults.
belts 6 L >or fi ers °f the coffering are generally terminated witha ?ain ti, ar ®. e< ^ most frequently with foliage; and sometimes,We of r> ae *°fiage is bordered with guilloches, as in the Tem-I n eace > at Rome.
(lisp os „, e ce iling of the entire temple at Balbec, coffers are? ac fi int aroun fi the cylindrical vault in one row, rising over' ec tiniy v r , UInri > and between every row of coffers is a pro-tw 0 sen!' ’ ornarne nted with a guilloche, corresponding withc Wutun l attac fied columns, in the same vertical plane; oneThe SU PP or ti n g each springing of the belt.
Col 0u Ce ’fings of the ancients were commonly relieved by^tlvT/aJ^S in various designs, which must havebus h a< tded,to the effect of the whole edifice; this practicein the new entrance-hall of the BritishThe ver y great success.
C,1 P 0 las m 7 erns follow the practice of the ancients in theirat >d be] tg . cylindrical vaults, ornamenting them with coffersf a P Da* tdle belts again with frets, guilloches, or foliages.*?’ a Se'orh -S are ornamente( f with roses, and large ones withta ® ° r Uam l8t0r ' Cal 8u bj ects - The grounds may be gilt, and° F ^be or 6nts w b' te , partly coloured, or streaked with gold;ti ravv -c 0 i naments ma y be gilt, and the grounds white, pearl,gUrnatneoi. ^'®^ lt 'fi^ ue » or an y t ' nt t l ,at ma y a gree best with
^ rt| Uentg ed 'PS s are painted, either wholly or in various com-b . ’ *t oun-b T' Tfhen a ceiling is painted to represent thee * n g covSa 1 to be upon a plane or spheric surface, without
fin Ceilino -s ni at the ed S es -
jP a rttu e ^ s “ lan e an d coved are much employed in modern'U'izontai ’ se em to be a kind of medium between thei c '®nts ; n(a the various arched forms practised by the‘they are e T fi° not require so much height as the latter;bi * Wted P^tber so graceful nor yet so grand,bsh the y are , ln o s are more expensive than plane ones;tyjf't 8 ' a ^° susce Pt’fi‘ e °f a greater variety of embel-
'ijpfj it is° s e ^i n ® ' s made on the under side of the rafters ofteril 1 ® timbers n r° \? am P' ce ^d, or tent-ceiled.
Wthouw}, 0 ^ ce ib n S s in Gothic edifices are seldom plas-'iiv'.i te r ex amples are occasionally found, as at
ei t }, 'i by jv. a ,'® dra l, of the Decorated period, which isflat, con aed r *b s °f wood. The timber ceilings areCeij; ers of (.j. Cave > circular, or ranging with the principal‘be ri ® 8 of tir^v. 100 ^ ’ sometimes, however, we have vaulteda t t ? e 'bngs ar a-"’ - as at Winchester Cathedral . When flat,^h V r inters d *- V ' ded into panels by moulded ribs, which'be ornam° tl0n are enr mhed with bosses, pendants, oren ts; sometimes large panels are subdivided
by mouldings of a smaller section. The concave ceilings,which present the form of a barrel vault, have most frequentlyonly a single rib running along the top; when others areintroduced, it is but sparingly. In all cases, ceilings wereenriched with gilding and colours of the most brilliant kind,examples of which are constantly being brought to lightduring the restoration of old churches.
Plaster was very much used in the ceilings of Elizabeth’stime and the succeeding reigns, in which period the ceilingswere generally flat, divided into panels by ribs, which, as well asthe panels themselves, were often adorned with an exuberanceof decoration moulded in the plaster, of which we have manybeautiful specimens.
Soffit amounts to nearly the same thing as a ceiling, exceptthat the former is applied to the under sides of apertures andcornices, and the latter to a more extended space, as the topor side of an apartment opposite to the floor. The undersurface of an arch is also called the soffit, or intrados, whetherit be the head of an aperture, or extended over an apartment.
Arched ceilings are described under the article Vault.
Ceiling, is also understood to be the lath and plaster atthe top of a room, or on the under side of common or ceilingjoists.
Ceiling, in carpentry, the joisting, ribbing, or bracketingfor supporting the lath and plaster of the upper surface, orceiling of a room. There are various kinds of ceilings, asplane ceilings, cove ceilings, and plane and cove ceilings.Under cove ceilings may be classed several other kinds, aswaggon-headed, or cylindrical ceilings, dome ceilings, groinceilings, and spandrel ceilings. For bracketing these differentfigures, see the words Bracketing and Ribbing; for thedefinition of arch ceiling, see Vault .
Ceiling-Floor, the joisting and ceiling supported by thebeams of the roof.
Ceiling-Joists, small beams, which are either mortisedinto the sides of the binding-joists with pulley-mortises, ornotched upon, and nailed up to the under sides of the saidjoists. This last mode takes away from the height of theroom; but it is easier to execute, and is thought to be lessliable to break the plaster, than when the ends of the ceiling-joists are inserted in pulley-mortises. When girders areintroduced in the floor, the under sides of the girders mustbe furred, to correspond with the level of the under edges ofthe ceiling-joists.
CELL, in carpentry. See Sill.
CELLA, in Roman antiquity, was variously applied. Itdenoted, in temples, the interior or most retired place, calledby the Greeks, naos; and in baths, various apartments, asthe frigidaria, tepidaria, caldaria, &c. It was also used todenote the apartments of prostitutes, and the bed-chambersof domestics.
Cella, was likewise applied to monasteries, to denotea lesser one, subordinate to a greater; and was even applied,vice versa, to rich monasteries not dependent on any.
CELLAR , in ancient writers, a conservatory for provisions,whether to eat or drink. The term comes from the Latin celarium, and is of the same import with cella.
Cellar, as now used, is generally applied to an apartmentin which liquors are deposited. Cellars are commonly placedin the lower story of the dwelling-house, sunk beneath thesurface of the ground; sometimes they are placed underground, and are entered from the area before the building ;they are sometimes also placed in out-houses. When theyare placed within the dwelling-house, or contiguous to anout-building, they should have a north exposure. Cellarsshould be kept cool, and consequently remote from any placethat would communicate heat, and care should be taken to