CEL
124
CEL
preserve them of as uniform temperature as possible: for thispurpose they should be constructed with double walls anddouble vaults, leaving a hollow space all round.
Cellars, and other places vaulted under ground, werecalled by the Greeks hypogcea.
CELLARAGE, the number of cellars which a dwelling-house requires, whether one or many.
CELTIC , or Deuidical Aechitectuee. A term appliedto a class of structures composed of rough unhewn stones ofgreat size, the erection of which is generally attributed tothat family of mankind classed under the name of Celts ,more especially to the Druids .
These erections are of various descriptions, some consist-ing of a single stone, others comprising many hundreds, theirarrangement also differs very greatly, yet at the same timethere is a general similarity which readily marks their rela-tion. The remains are more numerous in this country thanin any other, but they are by no means confined to it, similarerections being found not only in the neighbouring islands,in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden ,and Denmark, but also in Phoenicia, Palestine, India , Mala-bar, Persia and China , and even in the western continent.
To account for the existence of these works in suchremote regions, their construction has been attributed to theCelt*. These Celts, or Gauls , as they were termed bythe Romans, are supposed to be descendants of Gomer, theson of Japhet, whose posterity were called after his name,Gomerians, a title which is identical with the Cimmerians ofthe Greeks, and the Cimbri of the Latins. That the Celt ®were a branch of the same stock as the Cimmerians, is gene-rally allowed, and it would seem, that they followed in theirmigrations a south-westerly course, while the Cimmerianspursued a northern, and afterwards a westerly direction.When and where the great family separated is not so univer-sally agreed upon, some writers asserting that they dividedbefore they took their departure from the East, others main-taining that the separation did not take place before they hadadvanced some distance into Europe . The latter class ofwriters, who rest mainly on the authority of Herodotus , sup-pose that the two branches of the one family travelled toge-ther until they were overtaken and harassed by the Scy-thians, when a large number, the Celt ®, moved southward,and spread westward from Asia Minor to Italy , and after-wards to Spain and Britain . It is certain that the Cimme-rians were closely followed by the succeeding horde ofemigrants, the Scythians , and were by them continuallypressed further westwards ; it is also generally allowed, thatGreat Britain was peopled principally by the northern hordeswho passed through Denmark and Gaul . If we follow thetheory of those who place the separation at the later periodon this side the Sea of Azoph, we shall have to account insome other manner for the existence of Celtic remainsin Syria and Phoenicia, as well as in India . This difficultyis obviated by attributing the introduction of such a mode ofbuilding into this country to the Phoenicians ; but then we areleft to account for the appearance of the same in the north. Thesupporters of this opinion quote the statement of Caesar, thatDruidism originated in Britain , and was carried thence toGaul ; and from whom, say they, are the Britons likely to havelearned it, but from the Phoenicians , witli whom we know theycarried on a trade in tin, and who, on account of the advan-tages obtained from that traffic, were very jealous of theirknowledge of the island being extended to other nations; itis allowed, that the structures we are considering were closelyalliei to Druidism . But this theory, as we said before,raises the difficulty about the existence of similar works inthe north, unless it be admitted indeed that the Phoenicians
and the northern tribes are of the same family, and if s °’we allow its early separation, which is the fact for which topposite party contend; the only difference being this? _in one case, we need only account for one separation'while in the other, we must necessarily suppose a s eC ° n 'The fact of the identity of the Phoenicians with *northern tribes of the Cimmerians does not rest solely ontoric evidence, it is also demonstrable from other facts, 9Uas the common origin of their languages, and the simil ar)of their customs and religious observances. As far as •former is concerned, there seems to be sufficient evidenceshow that the Hebrew, Phoenician, Sanscrit, Irish , ®Manx languages, are derived from the same source; » n<1 tregards the latter, Dr. Borlase, in his attempt to controlthe opinion, admits that the customs and ceremonies ofand of Northern Europe were known and practised by 1 ,British Druids , although he maintains that the Britons ^several observances which were peculiar to themselves-would indeed seem that Druidism appeared in a 1,1matured and systematic form in these islands, than 6where, and this is but reasonable, for, as was before renia 1 ^the Cimbrians were a nomadic race, and were const® tbeing driven forward by the Scythians ; until, as aresource, they crossed the German ocean into Britain : *' fdefended on all sides by the sea, they had but little tofrom their aggressors, and were precluded from making 1 ^ther movements westward ; here therefore they perma^pssettled, and betook themselves to the arts of peace, and ^
aI1 ,nib'
4
was their religion elaborated and reduced to a system;in the case of Numa, and the early Romans, religion
est* 11
an 1
fished peace, so in this instance did peace establishextend religion.
From the above observations, we think, may reas on ^ onbe drawn the following conclusions, namely, that the eTeC f3 ceof all structures of this kind is to be attributed to ° n f. gt9 P<of people, and their appearance in such different and t* 1 ,^,quarters to the fact of that race being migratory or not* 1 ' ^The monuments erected by the Celts may be divideclassed as follows :—Lithoi, composed severally ofand three stones, to the first of which is applied the 0 {guishing appellation monolithon, and to the last, 1trilithon. They have all the common name of Cro
A 1,1 TTA AM A am a I. A A t-A A A *A"\ W A C P (l ^ A^.
After these come the kist-vaens, or chests, composed
c g tO» eS
stones, and lastly, circles comprising a large number oi ^ o0 eS>Further, we have logan, or rocking-stones, tolmencheese-rings, and cairns. litb 1 ’ 1 '
— - - - -no * 1 . ..a
The most simple of these structures are the mon
arid
,tfS
or single stones, of which we find a great number m 0 iparts of the British Islands. The first mention of suC \ 1 ; c b b 8we find, is of that set up by Jacob after his dream, ^ a®named Bethel; the next is that set up by Joshua n® [es*oak by the sanctuary, as a witness unto the Israeli
a, i . , fa
e e
lC >t oP
they denied their God . Another stone is spoken of a ^period, called the stone of Abel, upon which the a et ^ v re e,,rested; and another, which was placed by Samuel gta n r ‘ > 'Mizpeh and Shen as a memorial of the Divine p ss ^;ije<We read also of the stone Ezel, and the great stone in b 11Many such stones are seen in Palestine at the present
da/ >
xvxiiii jr out/ii oiuiica cii c bccii in jl dic&iuic at uic rVhP
not in the places mentioned in the Old Testament . I fl f tb®kind of stones are almost universal in India , few, if a £c re , \temples being without them; there are two also in , 7 c \&''is suggested, that the pillars of Hercules were ot tand with some probability, as Arrian says, that “ . 3 tl |( f
t V>