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167

CL O

dry, ^ ° re , c 'ay does not take a polish with the nail, whensaruj i^ r ?. ’ n g it; feels gritty between the teeth ; containshas a c Vlai Me grains ; and, when burnt without additions,factor a ! se granular texture. It is employed in the manu-Calca°rl bricksandtile9 -

tou ch a ? Us cl ay effervesces with acids, is unctuous to thec °'°Ur uri, a '"'ays contains iron enough to give it a redthe p r haked. Being much more fusible than any ofhy aj U( ii . ln S> it is only employed in brick-making; and,texturg ^ urn ' n g> may be made to assume a semi-vitreousC UVm icks tkus made are very durable,clay, i the operation of spreading two or three coatsv etit Jtg . or< der to keep water within a vessel, or to pre-paid h e r a . ns mission to some place or apartment where it

This operation is also called puddling.

a yin» 'j Injuri °us.

^Its.'&e necessar y in the construction of canals, cisterns,

st ^k, or^^ a wor< d used in some countries, to signify to

,^EAR *

^ le U tin „.j 111 building, the distance between any two bodies

of

• notwo

other

intervenes ; or between the nearest surfaces! as, binding joists may be placed five feetCumber, or apa la “° v e the j- the upper story of a church rising clear

of w ; ad d°*ning parts of the edifice, and containing a

^ kodies ; as,~ , l ch other.

t/ 6 ^ody of t |° Ws ’ thereby affording an increase of light to„ le ^ren c h / • building; some indeed derive the term fromthe *\ air ' bght, from that circumstance; while othersbeip 61-111 ! to have been applied from this story of the

' re nch uulla * n g >

L° 1 ' 8 >der ti ’ c ^ air ) light, from that circumstance; while othersuuihjj^ 11 *’

j at ‘°n, h 0 v^ In ^ c j e;lr °f joists, rafters, or flooring: the deri-j^ais t 0 he 6 *^ 1 "’ bnplied at the commencement of this article,s j thade 0 f „ t le most reasonable. In some cases, this storyah i l ban of reat importance, pierced with windows of greaterd oth er ° se below, in the body of the edifice, as at Exeterof a sonjg a fhedrals, Henry Vll.th’s chapel, Westminster,‘ Ve>» 1 th“ - -

^atror ., sm all

—..ui,, iieury i 'i'. ,, a flip windows aie

VerT ° f lar S er churches ; in ot ^ of trefoils,tr J. small dimensions, consisting J —

churei 01 s ’ or small arched foliated apertuiesov er ,l es 8e ldom have clear-stories, the8t° ry body and aisW in »

ri^ to thp in a single span.

, f 1 ® AVrivrj r °f Bristol cathedral.

Very smallroof being carriedThere is no clear-

* of

*004 ^-VlNG, the act of severing one P‘ fibre3) either byPr<sat, m anot her, in the direction ot f d instrument.

C1T by the percussion of a 8 j sculptor, who

huiit an mmient Greek arc i« Qu, m p U s, in which

the yPalaestra, or large court, n ^ celebrated

0& e and chariot races were P el ' f « rm fcorated with por-ticos n’A 8 a mes. It was magnificently wa3 s0 vain ofhis w f d ot ber ornaments ; and the a bowillg inscriptionUn 4 r r ° rmance , that he introduced the Aristocles ,

*ho t° n ne of his statues :—“ Cleeta, the son ^o See

the p atestra of 01ymp

^Z ATRA ' S NEEDLES> l n 0

andria „ ks tow ards the eastern part of V , w ;th hiero-? 1 yphC nStructed <> f Thebaic stone, andco^ ^ ^ bu yiedm the a«’ ? ne has been thrown down, hr > dimensions?! fhe the ot hev stands on a pedes a . he ; g ht of

the ern M are pretty nearly the same , steps, is about*aventv mduding the pedestal and , the base of

S oheu'v 6 faet - When the French exami^ ^ aboufc

*'ttee n r. ’ the accumulation of earth ar entrance

thjThese two obelisks _ tormed ^ pr0 .

^^w^P^of Cmsar, as tt,» ca ^ cities of

^^NCH^olemy? fr0 “ S ° me ° f

’ ^hen a nail is driven to the head through

a piece of wood or board, of less thickness than the lengthof the nail, the driving of the point of the nail backwards,flat into the wood, while a hammer is pressed against itshead, is called clinching.

CLINKERS, bricks impregnated with a considerablequantity of nitre or saltpetre, and placed next to the fire inthe clamp, or kiln, that they may be more thoroughly burnt.

CLOACAE, large arched drains, formed under the streetsof some ancient Roman cities. The most remarkable werethe cloacte of Rome , large portions of which still remain inexcellent repair. These cloacae extended under the wholecity, and were divided into numerous branches: the arches,which supported the streets and buildings, were so high andbroad, that a waggon loaded with hay might pass under, orvessels might sail in them. At proper distances, in thestreets, there were openings, for the admission of dirtywater, &c. These branches ran in the low parts betweenthe hills, and fell into one large arched drain, constructedof solid blocks of stone, called the Cloaca Maxima , said tohave been built by Tarquinius Superbus , and repairedin later times by Cato the Censor, and his colleague inoffice. The Cloaca Maxima is fifteen feet wide, and thirtyhigh, with three arches in contact one within another; insome parts there were raised paths along the sides of thecloaca ; and in the walls were stone brackets to supportthe ends of the waste pipes of the fountains. In the year1742, a part of the Cloaca Maxima was discovered in theForum, at the depth of thirty feet from the surface. SeeSewer.

CLOAK-PINS AND RAIL, a piece of wood attached toa wall, furnished with projecting pegs, on which to hanghats, great-coats, &c.; the pegs are called cloak-pins, andthe board into which they are fixed, and which is fastenedto the wall, is called the rail.

CLOCHARIUM, Clochier (French , clocher,') a building,more usually a tower, in which the clock and bells werecontained.

CLOGHEAD, a name applied to the curious round towersof Ireland. See Tower .

CLOISTER, (Latin, clausum , enclosed, shut in ;) a coveredrange of building attached to a monastic or collegiate estab-lishment, forming a passage of communication between thevarious buildings, more especially between the church andchapter-house. Cloisters were employed as places of medi-tation and recreation by the inmates of the establishment;and sometimes of retirement and study, for which purposewe occasionally find them arranged with cells on one side, asat Gloucester Cathedral, and also at Durham , where such cellswere termed carrols: theyappearto have been used likewise forplaces of sepulture. Cloisters are invariably found contiguousto the church, ranged round three or four sides of a quad-rangular area, having on the outer side a series of windowswith piers and columns looking into the quadrangle, and inthe inner side, which was in other respects plain, a numberof doorways communicating with the surrounding buildings,the chapter-house, refectory, schools, and sucli like. Thewindows in our English cloisters were glazed, and the wholelength of the ambulatories arched over with a vaulted ceiling ;in some cases, a stone seat or bench is carried round thewall opposite the windows. Attached to the cloister isusually a lavatory or conduit, at which the monks washedprevious to entering the refectory; the remains of one suchare to be seen in the centre of the quadrangle at Durham ,as also at Wells; lavatories also exist in the cloisters of Nor-wich, Gloucester, and Worcester . See Lavatory.

In England cloisters seem to have been appended to allcathedrals, and to the majority of collegiate and monastic

i