CL 0
163
CLO
establishments, in short, to all the larger religious houses.Frequent examples are also to be found on the continent,in Italy, France, and Germany , and in some cases of greatmagnitude; they are in the main similar to those in England,though of different styles, and therefore varying in detail;one difference consists in the windows being unglazed, onaccount, no doubt, of the difference of climate; in someinstances are found specimens of painting in fresco onthe walls.
Of the continental cloisters, Mr. Hope says, “ Those ofthe Latin church are all of them in the Lombard style;some, such as those of San Lorenzo and Santa Sabina atRome , and of San Stephano at Bologna, are small and rude,and more like the courts of a mean habitation; others, asthose of San Giovanni Laterano at Rome , and those of Sani Zeno at Verona , are spacious, and formed of columns of the
j most fantastical shapes; some coupled, twisted, and with
I spiral flutes; and glittering—those at Rome with white marble
j inlaid with porphyry, with serpentine and with gilt enamel;
; and those at Verona with the gold-coloured marble of the
| Euganean mountains. The cloisters of the cathedral church
j of Zurich , and of the monastery of Subiaco, in the papal
! states, are amongst the most elegant of continental examples,
j The latter was erected in 1235, and that of San Zeno , at
j The following account of the Campo-Santo at Pisa, one of the most famous cloisters in Europe , is given by Britton:
I —“ Its form is an oblong square, or irregular parallelogram,
f measuring 430 and 415 feet in its longest extent, by 136
| and 139 feet at its ends. The width of each walk is about
j 32 feet. It was commenced in 1278 by Giovanni de Pisa,
j and a chapel, adjoining its east end, was completed in 1464.
Between the covered walk and the enclosed area, is a seriesi of sixty-two windows, having semi-circular arches, and
; adorned with varied tracery, supported by tall light columns
| which divide each space into four lights. Some of these
j were formerly glazed, but the others were left open. The
! floor is paved with white marble having bands of blue,
| and the inner roof is formed of timber. On the walls are
| numerous old paintings of great interest, being some of the
! first productions on the revival of that art at the beginning
j of the fourteenth century. There is also a fine collection of
i marble sarcophagi, fragments of sculpture, &c.”
? Amongst many other of the more noted cloisters of theI continent, may be mentioned that belonging to the monastery\ of Batalha in Portugal . It is extensive and highly enriched,
' j the length of each ambulatory being 182 feet, and thewidth 17-^ feet; in the centre of the enclosed quadrangleis a cistern, and in one of its angles a large fountain.
Attached to the collegiate chapel of St. Stephen, West-j minster, are the remains of one of the most highly enrichedj and beautiful cloisters in England, which was erected byj Dean Chambers in the time of King Henry the Eighth.
| It is the only example remaining of a cloister of two stories ;it has two oratories, or chantry-chapels, projecting into thequadrangle, and approached respectively from the upper andlower western avenues. The roof is vaulted, covered withfan-tracery, and adorned with finely-sculptured bosses and' shields. The dimensions are added to the following table,j The areas at the entrance of some continental churches' partake of the nature of cloisters, but are more particularlyJ styled atria. See Ecclesiastical Architectuke.
' The annexed is a table giving the dimensions and some' other information relative to the cloisters attached to ourEnglish cathedrals. The particulars are collected fromi Britton’s works, and other similar sources.
Length.
Feet
* Canterbury. 132
_ C110
Chester . j jpg
„ (198 S.
Chichester . j jj
b Durham . 145 . . •
'Gloucester. 147 . . •
d Hereford. .{ 115
t118 N. and 8 .7‘Lincoln . ^ 90E.andVV.)
, / from 1751
t Norwich . \to 177 / *
a Salisbury. 181} . . .
f 162 E. andW. 7l ' WEU - 8 . {l58 S. j
8 Old St. Paul, London ... 91 . . . ,
S. Stephen’s Chapel,! f 89 E. and W.Westminster. J \ 75 N. and S.
Widthof avenue.
Feet
15
ffrml2l
\to 14/
13
14}18 •13
16 .10
Heig 1 ! 1 ”
vault'"*'
17
15
17
} m
Remarks.
• On north side of cathedral. qh b 0 ^
b Date about 1400; had octagonal lavatory in centre of are®’
side of cathedral. gB d i# ^
‘ Completed 1390; has recesses or carols in the south walR> trS c0 r 7’north a spacious lavatory; the roof covered with elaborate fa"
4 In ruins. .. 0 f c ** 0
* Has timber vaulting with ribs and bosses; on north 810 . e
dral; date about 1300. mrie*
f Commenced in 1299, completed in 1430; has two lavssouth-west angle. ft
s Date about 1250 ; situate on south side of cathedral. jii®
h Erected between 1407 and 1465; on the south side of 88 n8 ' e > jOhas only three avenues, the fourth side being the wall of 1 j aVa tWeastern and western sides are of two stories; there is 8the area. , (J 8
‘Date 1380. lused^
k Consisted of two stories; the chapter-house was enciu®® 1 *avenues. Destroyed*
CLOISTER-GARTH, the quadrangular areawithin the four avenues of a cloister; it was i cPa grass-plot, and had frequently in its centre ® 8duit, or reservoir of water.—The cloister-garth Wa place of sepulture. vYitl' 0
CLOSE STRING, in dog-leg stairs, a stairc 8 ^ ^an open newel. _ ho tlt0 u j-9
CLOSER, in masonry, the last stone laid in * ^ t j,elength of a wall, of less dimensions than any j inin the same row. Closers should never be ad® 1 ; ^ u“‘ ^work, nor indeed in any other, for they deprive J e ve r Jmity, and destroy the bond also: nor would t divi^ji*found necessary, were due attention paid to *~ e ^ e te r ^ h3 tthe stones in proper lengths. In brickwork^^ t jje
‘ ' i»
applied to a bat used in the same manner. ^ 1 j, ais a quarter-brick, it is called a queen-closer . " ur ge, *
quarter inserted at the angle of a stretching* ^
called a king-closer. , t0 c0& f j.
CLOSET, a small apartment, frequently m8 , g gS ing' r ° ll i^nicate with a bed-chamber, and used as .•1 of StSometimes a closet is made for the reception Crj jji
then it is called a store-closet. However un fa tr;> t ’may be in the rooms of large houses, they arethose of small ones.
Closet. See 'Water-Closet.
iiS?