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tation and taste ; and completed at an expenditure of themost liberal and extensive character. Nor has this beenconiined to London alone, the example has been followed inthe country; and in many of the provincial cities and towns,clubs have been formed, and club-houses built on a scale ofmagnitude and splendour rivalling those in the metropolis.It is scarcely within our province, to remark on the effectthe rapid extension of clubs may have on the usages ofsociety in general; but we may be permitted to say that anysystem which tends to the adornment of our cities withmagnificent structures decorated in the most expensive man-ner, and filled with costly furniture, and luxurious productionsin every department of art, cannot but have a refining influ-ence on the taste of the rising generation, while affordingemployment to professional talent, and to hundreds of skilfulartisans.

CLUMP, in ornamental gardening, a detached portion ofground, raised in the form of a mound, in lawns, or otherparts of pleasure-grounds, for the reception of trees orshrubs on the top, while its sides are covered with flowersor small plants. Clumps differ from borders, in beingdetached and separate, as well as in being much moreelevated.

CLUSELLA (Latin , clusum, enclosed,) a small castlewithin a close or inclosure.

CLUSTERED, in architecture, denotes the coalition oftwo or more members, so as to penetrate each other.

Clustered Column, in the pointed style of architecture,a column composed of a number of slender pillars attachedto each other, but having each a distinct base and capital.Clustered columns were frequently divided in their heightby moulded bands, which gave them the appearance of beingbound together. They are sometimes attached to the shaftthroughout their length, and sometimes only at the capitalsand bases.

Clustered‘Column, in the Roman style, is said of two,or four columns, which seem to intersect or penetrate eachother, either at the angle of a building or apartment, thatthey may answer each return ; or under an entablature,when a single column would be too weak; or at the inter-section of two transverse architraves : in the latter case,there may be four columns.

COATING , in a general sense, denotes the covering of abody in one or several plies or thicknesses; thus, walls arespread over with one, two, or three separate coats of plaster;the interior apartments of houses are covered with severalcoats of paint; works in wood are covered with paint, pitch,lead, copper, &c.; baser metals are covered with the richer,as copper with gold or silver, and silver with gold; forculinary purposes, copper is covered with tin, as is iron also,to prevent rust.

. COB-WALL, a wall built of straw, lime, and earth.

COCHLEARE, or Cogla, a lofty round tower, ascendedby means of a winding staircase ; from the Latin , cochlea ,winding stairs.

COCKING, a method of securing beams to wall-plates,by notcliing each beam at the end on the under edge, acrossits thickness, nearly opposite to the inner edge of the wall-plate, and cutting two reverse notches out of the top of thewall-plate, leaving the part whole which is opposite tothe notch in the beam; then laying the beam to its place, itwill slide down, and the corresponding parts will fit into eachother. This method prevents any possibility of the beamdrawing longitudinally out of the wall-plate, even though thetimbers should afterwards shrink.

COCKLE-STAIRS, a winding staircase. See Stairs .

CCEMETER1UM. See Cemetery.

COFFER, a recessed panel, of a square or polygonalanciently used in level soffits, and in the intradoses ot <7drical vaults.

In the remains of Grecian and Roman architecture,coffers sometimes recede in one degree, but more freqn® ^in several degrees, like inverted steps, around the panel» j ninternal angle being filled with one or more moulding 9, jyRoman works, the surface of the panel at the bottom 1 9 £ |,g

covered with a rosette. Sometimes the bands between ^framing are divided into two equal parts, by a g r0 °

canal of a rectangular section.

Coffers are also employed in the soffits of the c 01 '*)'.; on 3 .the Corinthian and Roman orders, between the modi toFor the farther use of coffers, and other matters rel» 11 0them, see Ceilings and Cylindrical Vaults. . 0 p e n

Coffer, in inland navigation, a large wooden vesse > - veat the top, with movable ends, of sufficient capacity to r

o(

to

a barge or vessel from the pond of a canal, in orderraised into a higher, or let down into a lower pond.

coffer is a substitute for a lock.

do«

file

COFFER-DAM, a hollow dam, constructed of *range of piles, with clay rammed between, for the 9 ,,ji<1

and convenience of the workmen while digging 0 ^

building the foundation of an entrance-lock to a doc*.

or canal, when it cannot otherwise be laid dry.

of P 1

ling

In bridge-building, the term is applied to a case ® ^ put*fixed in the bed of a river, without any bottom, f° r re gcbpose of building a pier dry. Its sides must, therefor®’ ^ e xabove the level of the water, and, after it is fixed, * 1must be pumped out by the engines, which, unless * ^ to

is very carefully done, must be kept constantly '* 1 nl ad eprevent leakage as much as possible. Coffer-dams !l p etv vC eI1either double, or single. In the double one, the spare ^ 0 rthe inner and outer rows of piles is rammed wit 1 e acbchalk; the piles are driven as closely as practical o tb®other by means of a pile engine, till fixed firmly e tiu ieiearth ; sometimes they are grooved and tongued ; sthey are grooved in the sides, and fixed at a distaeach other, with boards let into the grooves. ^Jbe r ^

The first writer on the use of coffer-dams "^.gct' 011 ? jwho, chap, vi., book 2 , gives the following ^j lC n tK“ Make the foundation of your piers in autumn, ^ ee p 0water is lowest, having first raised an enclosure t^the water, which may be done in this manner: dr* ne jtt ^row of stakes close to that side of the row which t'the intended pier, and fill up the hollow between. go <jrows with rushes and mud, ramming them toget 1 u Pthat no water can get through; then, whatever ^ $within the enclosure—water, mud, sand, or whatetr® c 0 i»®

an hinderance to you—throw them out, and dig til j-iv®

to a solid foundation.” To this we may add, where teis rapid and deep, and the bed of solid earth 01 e ?

coffer-dam must be constructed with three, 0 f

six rows of piles, according to the rapidity and »v - e

stream. Due care must also be taken to brace the f ;<dfrom fixed points, as well as to make the whole ' v g

by ramming in chalk or clay, as above directed. ^ 9 lo° 5 pWhere the river is rapid and deep, and the be %va tef 'J 1 ,,consistence, though the sides be never so firm, the ^ tn* 9ooze through the bottom in too great abundance t®

out by the engines, recourse must therefore b®caisson. See Caisson . c0 ffe r '“ 1 uj

The following is a description of the very largemade at the New Houses of Parliament, fim og p e etembankment, or river-wall. This dam was ‘

and 10 feet wide, constructed in the following (if 'a trench was first made by dredging in the bed o

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US 111 '

be