GOA

438

GAR

wich Hospital, are projected, and supported by cantaliversfrom the wall. The whole, or a portion of the uppermoststory of a theatre, is likewise called a gallery. The appella-tion is also frequently given to porticos formed with longranges of columns on one side.

Savot, in his Architecture, derives the gallery from Gaul ,as supposing the ancient Gauls to have been the first whoused them: Nicod, from the French , alter, to go; q. d. allerie:others bring it from galire, galley, because it bears someresemblance thereto in respect of health.

The length of galleries is (according to Palladio) fromeight to ten times their breadth.

GANG-LADDER, in canal-making, a frame answeringthe same purpose as a horsing block.

GANG-WAY, a temporary stair, made with planks setedge to edge of each other, having transverse pieces of woodnailed over for steps ; used particularly by masons, brick-layers, and carpenters, for ascending, or descending the vari-ous stories of a building, before the stairs are put up.

GAOL, (from the French, geole, formed of the Latin ,geola, gaola, or gayola, a cage) a prison, or place of legalconfinement; the word is now generally written Jail .

Every county has two goals ; one for debtors, which maybe any house where the sheriff pleases; the other for thepeace and matters of the crown, which is the county goal.

By 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 20, the gaoler shall keep debtorsand felons separate, on pain of forfeiting his office, and trebledamages to the party aggrieved ; and by 31 Geo. III. c. 46,transports are to be kept separate from other prisoners. Asthe gaol is intended, in most cases, for custody, and not forpunishment, it is enacted by 14 Geo. III. c. 59, that the jus-tices, in their several quarter-sessions, shall order the wallsand ceilings of the several cells and wards, both of the debtorsand felons, and of any other rooms used by the prisoners intheir respective gaols, where felons are usually confined, tobe scraped and whitewashed once in the year, at least, andto be regularly washed and kept clean, and constantly sup-plied with fresh air by hand-ventilators or otherwise; andshall order two rooms in each gaol, one for the men and an-other for the women, to be set apart for sick prisoners ; andorder a warm and cold bath, or commodious bathing-tub, tobe provided in each gaol, and direct the prisoners to be washedin such warm or cold baths, or bathing-tubs, &c., and theyshall appoint an experienced surgeon and apothecary, at astated salary, to attend the gaol, and to report, at each quar-ter-sessions, the state of the health of the prisoners ; orderclothes for the prisoners when they see occasion, prevent theirbeing kept under ground, when it can be done conveniently,and from time to time make orders for restoring or preservingthe health of the prisoners ; the expenses to be paid out ofthe county rates, or out of the public stock of any city, fran-chise, or place to which the gaols belong. The gaoler issubject to fine for neglect or disobedience of the orders ofjustices, by complaint to the judges of assize, or to the jus-tices in their quarter-sessions. By 31 Geo. III. c. 46, visit-ing-justices are appointed for inspecting gaols at least threetimes in each quarter of a year, in order to prevent abuses,&c-, and they are to report to the quarter-sessions. The jus-tices in sessions may also appoint clergymen to officiate ingaols, and allow them a salary to be paid out of the countyrates.

If a gaol be out of repair, insufficient, &c., the justicesof the peace in their quarter-sessions may agree with work-men for rebuilding or repairing it; and by warrant undertheir hands and seals, order the sum agreed upon to be leviedupon the several hundreds and divisions in the county, bya proportionate rate; and the justices in sessions may borrow,

£50

on mortgage of the said rates, any sum not l e33 l ^jy r rnor more than £100, and discharge the whole by y® » g. tH-ments. 11 and 12 Will. III. cap. 19. 24 Geo. ^ 1See Prison.

GARD, Pont du. See Aqueduct , Bridge. v,i c h * 3

GARDEN, Hanging, a sort of ancient garden, ^ ^said to have been formed in a raised manner, onNebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, with the view 0 t y ft geS>ing his wife Amyctis, who was the daughter ot Quint* 13king of Media. These gardens are supposed by ^ j 9 5"Curtius to have been equal in height to the city, ^ feet,feet. They contained on every side a square of 4 0 tb® r 'were carried up in several terraces, surmounting e gta if9 °\to which there were ascents by different flight® o tg jije®steps, that had 10 feet in width. The arches tba ^ pei*^the whole of this pile were raised above each o ’ r ds >®strengthened by a wall on every side of above sev gi®'thickness. The floors of the several terraces weve j, r ea<bi |9 'with large flat stones, of considerable lengths, an fuWover which was placed a stratum of reed mi* e j tog®'with bitumen, then two rows of bricks closely ceme eJ . e d "'dther with mortar, and the whole afterwards c ° v ar g e n jthick sheet-lead, upon which the mould of the g rdeposited, to such a depth as to admit large trees ®

and establish themselves in it. Trees, plants, am T®

into

these g** rde "^ 0 ct j

various kinds, were introducedupper terrace was likewise provided with an a ” r j v ef) ^engine, by which the water was drawn up from tn gr y,dispersed over the whole of the gardens when neC ^1, vd* 1 j.Some have condemned these gardens as unna t { 0 n 0

others have considered them as deserving of a F d the &

praise ; but whatever merit may have been atthey could certainly never have had anything ot

or rural character about them.

itfP

for

iuiai ouaracier ;ujou l uieui. , ]U'J

Garden-Sheds, erections for containing g ar e _ a i s oments, flower-pots, hot-bed frames, and glass sas *® s ’j a ced ®working in, during bad weather. They are best p ^the back-wall of the tool-house, by which means t 1made to hold the furnaces, fuel, and other articles-

GARGOYLE , Gargle, Gargyle, and G sfistone projecting from the wall of Gothic »**■ ^ 0 { t a*j

serving for a spout to convey the water from t a e n*v

throw it off the wall. These stones are morecarved into grotesque figures or animals, throug 1 >va t<d ’of which the water passes; sometimes, however, fjga f 'carried through a leaden pipe above or belowTheir usual position is in the cornice of building >are found also in other positions, such as buttress > ^ tGARLANDS, (from the French , guirlandt^

Latin, garlanda, or Italian, ghirlanda,) ornamen ^ te &V le Jfruits, and leaves, anciently used at the gates ^.j^d 3 ^where feasts or solemn rejoicings were held.. aH c * efestoons were also put on the heads of victims, m ^

heathen sacrifices. , •„ tbe ®°A

GARNETS, Cross, a species of hinge, used * ^ ^common works, formed in the shape of the le or j9 ^thus, H , the vertical part being fastened to the 8 ^ g0 cof the door-case, and the horizontal part toshutter. prof a<i «s'

GARRET, (from the French , garite, the t0 * e j t bet Pdel) the uppermost story of a house, when taketially or wholly from the space within the too • 0 f f (GARRETING, the insertion of small P*^ ai* dbetween the joints of rough masonry, as iu r ° . ^

walls. , 4 fur * 113

GARRISON, a fort, castle, or fortified towwith troops to defend it.