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' nd ' n g step by the straight edge, from the line where thet^ e ' nc * nc part commences, to the first perpendicular line oncurved surface ; take the next’ three points higher, andw a line between the second and third perpendicular lines,and° H manner next three higher points,

lin ^ raw a hne between the next two adjoining cylindric

v es > and the lines so drawn between each three points will"e the =—«... . <• .. _ 1 • -•

steps.

section of the treads of the succeeding winding-

at ?f av * n S thus gone through the cylindric part, draw a step°f tl *°h’ and another at the bottom, and thus the sections

steps will be completed ; draw the hypothenusal or

Pitch v ““

u lines of the flyer on the lower part, and that of thePart, and whatever difference you make in the height6 ra 'l between the flyers and the winders, you must setof^ ° m tdle nosings of the steps of the winders upon twoPoi * e P er P en dicular lines : draw a line through the twoth e ' S ^7 lending a straight-edged slip'round the cylinder,ti,i flight edge of the slip coinciding with these points;and i 6 W ’b represent the top of the rail over the winders,fly 1 a e hypothenusal lines at the bottom and top, that of thethe fS ■’ l * len curve off the angles at the top and bottom wherea nd h* 1 } ^ le winding parts meets that of the flyers aboveth e f e ..? w > an d a line being drawn parallel to this, will form(,j ev . hng - mould. The reason of making the verticalis t , atl0n of the rail more upon the winders than the flyers,h^j . lat l he sudden elevation of the winders diminishes theline ° P t b e rail in a direction perpendicular to the raking°y e ’ , an d by this means persons would be liable to fall

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Wefl a y the veneers upon the cylinder, if bed-screws orcyii®? 8 are used, you may try the veneers first upon theP'ece 6r ’ screw ’ n g them down without glue ; prepare severalthe rV Wo °d> to lie from 6 to 12 inches apart, according toia aine ter of the well-hole, with two holes in each, distantTh en !e , clear something more than the breadth of the rail.P'ece aav iug marked the positions of the places of theseh 0 i eg 0n the cylinder, pierce the cylinder with correspondingbe nj j 11 eac h side, of the depth of the rail. If the cylinder8cr e\vs G Pbutk 2 inches thick, it will be sufficient for theon : but if of thinner stuff, it will be convenient to set itUut s y’P° n stools, to get underneath, confining the top withboidin.* nSCrew one i |a ii> three men being at work, onelnyj n & U P all the veneers, another gluing, and the thirdare j down successively one after the other, until allother 1 J\c‘ 8crew them down immediately. Unscrew thegln e( j la > an d. proceed in like manner, and the rail will bebe cle^?’ glue that is used for this purpose ought to

I'afle h ’ and as bot as possible ; the rail ought likewise to beall the ’ as °tberwise the glue will be liable to set before°P er atio 6116618 are P ut down, and ready for the screws : thisv enee r g jj S b° u ^d therefore be done before a large fire, and the°rde r -j 10, '°ughly heated previous to the commencement, int bi'ou r ,i' at t ' le b eat may be as uniformly retained as possibleV ' f ill ta| 10Ut tPe process. The glue in the joints of the rail

or th e ‘

,S Calferl .

j. b>ooi s , a ( "‘ or ' °r closure.di «icultv ,l, !. Sel,U)In <>olls,ructe d of one entire board, from theL eitlle r are tl Pr ° CU, '. ing a simple board of sufficient size ;ed ge to td ey often constructed of simple boards joined

ree weeks to harden in dry weather.

. hen a board is made to fit an aperture in a wall,Ilia P ° S , fi ‘ff preventing ingress or egress at pleasure,

b'Otisveyg** 1 ". 6 ’ to P°rm a compound board, without havingb'e f P'eces fastened to one side, or being clamped atauction ’ as ’ w ' t hout such appendages, the door of this con-ges, or b e liable to break in the direction of the

Vot,, jj e 8u bject to crack or split, if not entirely seasoned,

or when the texture is unequal in consequence of knots, orthe resin not being uniformly disposed.

The most common kind of doors are constructed of severalsimple boards, not fixed with glue, or any tenacious substance,but by nailing transverse pieces upon the back of the boards,laid edge to edge. The transverse pieces, thus nailed, arecalled ledges, or bars, whence the door is said to be ledged, orbarred. In this case, one of the edges, at every joint, isbeaded on both sides, or at least on the face which is theoutside, the ledges being placed to the inside.

Doors of this description are generally employed in thecottages of the poor, or in the out-houses of superiorbuildings.

Where doors are required to combine strength, beauty, anddurability, a frame, joined by mortise and tenon, must beconstructed, with one or more intermediate openings, each ofwhich must be entirely surrounded by three or more partsof the frame, which have grooves ploughed in the edges, forthe reception of boards to close the openings. When anyparts of the framing are intended to lie in an horizontal posi-tion, after the door is hung, or fixed upon its hinges, they arecalled rails; if there are more than two rails, the extremerail next to the floor is called the bottom rail, and that nextto the ceiling, the top rail. Doors are seldom framed withless than three rails; in which case the middle one is calledthe lock rail; but most doors have two intermediate rails, ofwhich the one next to the top rail is called the frieze rail.When there are more than two intermediate rails, thosebetween the lock and frieze rails have no particular name.The extreme parts of the frame to which the rails are fixed,are called stiles, and the intermediate parts, mountings, fromtheir vertical position. The boards by which the intersticesare closed, are called panels. The stiles are first defined, onaccount of some doors being made narrower at the top thanat bottom, in the manner of ancient doors.

Figure 24.—A four equal-panelled door ; this form is onlyused in common work, and frequently without mouldings.

Figure 25.—A nine-panelled door, with square panels atthe top.

Figure 26.—A six equal-panel pair of folding doors, twopanels in breadth and three in height.

Figure 27.—A double margin or folding-door, with threepanels in height, and two in breadth ; being all equal.

Figure 28.—A double margin, or pair of folding-doors,with four panels in height and two in breadth, and withtwo lying panels below the top rail, and two above thelock rail.

Figure 29.—A ten-panelled pair of folding-doors, five inheight and two in breadth, with two lying panels under thetop rail, two above the bottom rail, and two in the middle :of this form is the ancient door of the Pantheon at Rome .

Figure 30.—An ancient door, narrower at the top than atthe bottom : of this form is the door of the temple of Vesta,at Rome , and that of Erechtheus, at Athens. This construc-tion may be useful for causing the door to rise as it opens, inorder to clear a carpet, or to make it shut of itself.

Figures 31 and 32.—Doors of communication, or such asshut out of the way of the floor. Figure 31, folds round uponthe partition, by means of hanging styles : Figure 32, ismade to shut occasionally in the partition, so ns to be entirelyconcealed. The two middle parts open, like ordinary foldingdoft-s, upon hinges fastened to the extreme parts.

Figure 33.—A jib-door, which when shut may be as muchconcealed as possible. Jib-doors are used to preserve theuniformity of a room, or to save the expense of a correspond*ing door.

Doors ought to be made of clean good stuff, firmly put