N U C

240

N U I

Tlie great tower of entrance was built at the foot of theartificial mount, from which was a sally-port, with stonestairs leading to the keep. It contained the portcullis anddrawbridge affixed to the archway, and several spaciouschambers. In point both of the formation of the mount andkeep, and their connection with the entrance-tower, theremains of Tunbridge, and the more perfect state of Arundelcastle , exhibit a singular resemblance. The walls were pro-tected by strong buttresses, and the round towers had acentral space left open, to admit light and air. At Arundel,the corbel-stones, which supported the beams of timber, arestill to be seen. See Castle .

The well - authenticated buildings of Norman con-struction, erected from before A. d. 1100 to 1150, are theabbeys of Abingdon, Reading, and Cirencester , destroyed ;Mailing, Kent ; Tewkesbury , nave, aisles, transept, and westfront ; Malmsbury, nave and west front ; Buildwas, Salop ;St. Botolph, Colchester; Bolton, Yorkshire ; Winbornminster, Dorsetshire ; Castle-Acre, Norfolk ; Dunstable ,Bedfordshire; St. Cross, Hants ; Romsey, Hants ; Furness,Lancashire, the most ancient parts ; Llindisfarne, Northum-berland ; Byland, Yorkshire ; Lanercost, Cumberland ; Sher-bourn, Dorset ; Southwell, Nottinghamshire ; Kirkstall,Yorkshire, nave. Of those now named Tewkesbury ,Malmsbury, Winborn minster, St. Cross, Romsey , andSherbourn, are now used as parochial churches.

From a. d. 1155, the style of architecture practised by theNormans began to be mixed with new forms and decorations,and was at length superseded by that much more elegantand lofty style of building, improperly denominated Gothic.

The principal works that may be consulted in Normanarchitecture, are the Archceologia, Carter’s Ancient Architec-ture of England, Britton’s Architectural Antiquities of GreatBritain, and Dalaway’s English Architecture .

NOSINGS OF STEPS, the projecting parts of the tread-board or cover, which stand before the riser. The nosingsof steps are generally rounded, so as to have a semicircularsection, and, in good staircases, a hollow is placed under them.

NOTCH-BOARD, a board notched or grooved out, toreceive and support the ends of the steps of a staircase.

NOTCHING, the cutting of an excavation throughout thewhole breadth of a substance.

By this method timbers are fastened together ; or theirsurfaces, when joined at angles, are made to coincide.

NUCLEUS (Latin) the internal part of the flooring ofthe ancients, consisting of a strong cement, over which theylaid the pavement, bound with mortar. |

com ” l t

ther oJ

NUEL, see Newel and Staircase . . . to

NUISANCE, or Ncsance, (from the French ,hurt) in law, is used not only for a thing done to the « | 90

annoyance of another, in his free lands or tenements, 0for the assize, or writ lying for the same.

Nuisances are either public or private: a public 01 'nuisance is an offence against the public in general, elt '. cts ,doing what tends to the annoyance of all the king’s su Jor by neglecting to do what the common good >' e( l ,j j sA ‘private nuisance is when only one person or ' a J g pjannoyed, by the doing of anything ; as where a person ,up the light of another’s house, or builds in such a * n i _ 0 gthat the rain falls from his house upon his neighbour ,,likewise the turning or diverting water from runnin^.^man’s house, mill, meadow, &c., corrupting or P°' f 0 ra water-course, by erecting a dye-house, or a lime'P ’ j n irthe use of trade, in the upper part of the stream ; s 4 {,ot ,s ®up a way that leads from houses to lands ; suffering a ,y«

to decay, to the damage of the next house ; erecting a $

house in any place not convenient ; or a privy, &e., , s< ^ „nyanother person’s house as to offend him ; or exercis |n !3 ^offensive trade; or setting up a fair or market, to the P

det ei

dice of another.

The continuation of

a nuisance is by the law con ^, r 9

A

as a new nuisance, and therefore, where a person ^,,1nuisance to be set up, and then alienates and let® *

&c , without removing it, an action of the case hes » g3t; e,him who erected it; and also against the alienee otfor continuing it. , aii^

Writs of nuisance are now properly termed trespa s ’

actions upon the case.

wh ,c

rio*

Nuisance, Abatement of, denotes the removalthe party aggrieved is allowed to do, so as he comnuin the doing of it. . t ], a t

*■ If a house or wall is erected so near to miu e ’ j n in^stops my ancient lights, which is a private nuisa n ® e ’j 0 ,vn-enter my neighbour’s land, and peaceably pull ’ pitl'l' 0Salk. 459. “ Or if a new gate is erected across ? ,itr

highway, which is a common nuisance, any of the k » v it.

thtlt mnTr out it /Imirn Olid

way may cut it down, ana y— r jvThe reason why the law allows t _>*• j je( .aii s **

as

jects passin

Cro. Car. 184. ,

and summary method of doing one’s self justice. ,3 >^j^gr.-injuries of this kind, which obstruct or annoy sue * ]g( )in| eare of daily convenience and use, require an ega 1remedy ; and cannot wait for the slow progress on,;iry forms of justice.

I

0.

OAK

OAK, the well-known tree, styled by way of eminence the“lord of the forest.” The oak grows to an enormous size,attaining frequently a height of from 80 to 100 feet, witha trunk from 6 to 12 feet or more in circumference. Someof the parks attached to the mansions of our great, nobles areadorned with magnificent specimens of these monarchs of thewoods. In Araphill Park stands an oak of very large size.The circumference of its base is upwards of 40 feet; itsmiddle girt is about 30 : it is quite hollow, forming a conca-vity sufficient to contain four or five middle-sized personsstanding together withinside. The chief of its branches,which is much greater in dimensions than many parent oaks,

0AK nt af

n ac c ° u ay

is supported by a couple of large wooden props, 0 j n b°its weight being too great to be kept up by * ,,g ot . e ,

of the tree. There are many fine oaks in nI j l " [ll pt<> ,1 ^'r|,eparts of the empire; as in Salcey forest, |,jre. * n d

and in the Duke of Hamilton’s park in Lana 1 n

wood of this tree is the most durable that ^ ee ed' ,l, ‘ >

its use in naval and domestic purposes 19 (( y,

great. . t j,; g cf ul, , 0 r«

There are several kinds of oak timber used ’^pjch i 9but none are equal to the common British oak, g(1I n0 t f

durable than any other wood attainingThe oak imported from America is very inieI

to

tl>» 1