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k L. Sill of the sash-frame.

m. Plan of the inside bead.

N. Plan of the capping.

r r. Hanging style, hung to the sash-frame at a.

s s. A shutter, hung to the hanging style at e.

T t. Another shutter, hung to s s at n, if necessary.

p p. A door, hung to the architrave at m, falling upon thehanging style re by means of a rebate.

Note. The door must fall in a rebate at top and bottom.

u. A ground to fix the architrave upon.

v. The architrave fixed upon the ground.

w. Back lining.

When the aperture is shut, the door pp must be turnedround the hinge m , parallel to the face of the sash-frame :then the shutters rr, S s, t t, being drawn out and turnedon tbe hinge a, and on the hinges e and n, will cover that partof the window for which they were intended. The door pmay then be closed, and the whole will have a uniform andneat appearance.

To find the splat/ of the ground h c. —Draw a line fromthe centre of the hinge at a to the edge of the ground at b ;on a b, as a diameter, describe a circle cutting the back liningof the boxing at o ; join c b, and it will be the bevelrequired.

Front and tvio side elevations of a window, the sash-framebeing out of the square, or an oblique-angled parallelogram:showing how to construct the sides of the window, so that theshutters shall make an equal margin round the edge of thesash-frame, when the window is shut; and also to fit theirboxings.

Figure 90. Elevation of the window. A b c d being theedge of the sash-frame next to the bead, and kfgb themargin between the shutters and the inside beads.

The difficulty of fitting tip a window of this kind may besurmounted if the following observations are attended to : thepoints k and i, Figure 91, being taken at the distance e f,Figure 90, and the point R, Figure 91, being made to corres-pond to k, Figure 90, the middle of the meeting rails ; thenmake the angle rk l, Figure 91, equal to the angle K E H,Figure 90 ; through r and i draw r s and i m parallel to K L ;then KIM i, will be the front shutter, and rs the partingbead, in case the shutters are to be cut.

Figure 92, is constructed in the same manner as Figure 9\;that is, by making the angle top equal to the angle L h e,Figure 90 ; the points O, T, n, being previously made to corres-pond fo the points H, L, G, as on the other side.

In Figures 91 and 92, A and-B, are lintels.

c. The top of the sash frame.

d. The soffit.

G. Sash-frame sill.

f. Stone sill.

Plan and elevation of the shutters to the foregoing example;showing the manner of hanging and cutting the shutter whenthe sash-frame is an oblique-angled parallelogram, or out ofthe square, as workmen call it.

Let Figure 93, be the plan of the window, and let A B andDC, Figure 94, be the bottom and top ends of the shuttersparallel to each other ; now, in order that the shutters may jfit close into their boxing, and also close into the window-frame, the centres of the, hinges to each flap must be set inlines perpendicular to d C or A b.

To set out the shutters. —Make a e and o f Figure 94, equalto the breadth of the front shutter, and draw the line fe ;then will ad fe represent the front shutter, and fe the edgeon which the flap will join to it; then if the angle of e henot a right angle but obtuse, from/draw fg perpendicular to iDC ; then will fg be the line of the hinges. In the same i

manner, BCyr will represent the shutter on the other side>B r q being the obtuse angle, and r s a perpendicular to Afor the line of the hinges : the two extreme joints beingmade, all the other joints, h i, hl,mn, and op, ought to beall perpendicular to the ends d c and a b of the shutters :then will the centres of the hinges be parallel to, or in thesame line with, the joint.

To find the breadth of the flaps which hang to the froldshutters, so that they may be as tvide as possible. —From thepoints A and c, the obtuse-angles, draw A v c u perpendicularto A b and D C, the ends of the shutters ; make v a and A «equal to the breadth of the rebate ; and from the pointy! andin the line of hinges, make fc,fh, and g d, gi, respectively-equal to fa,fv, and g b, g a; then will efhi be the fl a Prequired ; and it is plain, from the nature of this windowthat the other flap, o q rp, must be the same figure as th®flap e fh i, but inverted.

The other flaps may be filled in as the width of the windowwill admit,

Note. —We have given this example, because the method > 3general, and will apply to all cases ; the workman ougb*never to trust to the sash-frame being absolutely square, f° rthey seldom are ; and if the variation be ever so small, thef ewill be a very considerable error in the ends of the shutterswhen enclosed in the boxings. Such distorted examples a3the above generally occur in old buildings ; in such tin 3method must be adopted : but also, for the above reason, ,£ought not only to be employed in old work, but even in ne"hwhere the shutters are cut, so that the ends of the shutters m*/not only coincide when folded, but also with the sill and topof the sash frame, and also with the meeting rail.

Customary Measures in Joiners’ Work, for labour only-

Preparation of boarding by the foot super. —■different distinctions are—edges shot ; edges shot, plough®and tongued ; wrought on one side and edges shot; wrou g Don both sides and edges shot; wrought on both sides, plough® _and tongued ; boards keyed and clamped ; mortise clamp® 0 ’mortise and mitre clamped. The price per foot is a 3increased according to the thickness of the stuff. If 4longitudinal joints are glued, so much more is added to 1foot : and if feather-tongued, still more.

Floors, —Are measured by the square, the price depend 111upon the surface, whether wrought or plain, and the mann . e ,of the longitudinal and heading joints, as well as upon 1thickness of stuff; or whether the boards are laid onethe other, or folded; or whether the floor be laid with boar ’battens, or wainscot.

Skirtings are also measured by the foot super ; the pdepending upon the position, whether level, raking, or ra^Ping ; or upon the manner of finishing, whether plain, torrebated, scribed to floor, or to steps ; or upon the plan,ther straight or circular. j (e

The price of every kind of framing depends upon ^thickness, or whether the framing be plain or moulded - 8 ()I1if moulded, what kind of mouldings, and whether stuckthe solid, or laid in ; whether mitred or scribed ; and u Pj j(!the number of panels in a height and breadth ; also uponnature of the plan.

The various descriptions of wainscoting, window-lining 3 ’- jbacks and elbows, door-linings, jambs and soffits, back l* n *partitions, doors, shutters, are all measured by the foot sup !

Sashes are measured by the foot super, as well as the S‘frames. The sash and frame are either measured togc* 11 ®separately. nf jc«

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Sky-lights are measured by the footdepending upon the plan and elevation.

super,

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