J 0 I

83

JOI

® n ce as before. The elevation of the rail is shown above.Figure 169.

. '* Figure 170, also in the said Plate 76, is shown a stairh winders in the qnadrantal turnings, and flyers joiningwinders. In finding the face-mould, Figure 171, the'us of the rail, and the height of the steps in the quad-' '"1 are used, and the face-mould is traced, as in the for-0 p r Samples, and is exactly one-half. Besides the wastestuff attending this method, it is impossible to match the^ 'n ; for if the fibres match the straight rail at one end,7 Will stand at right angles to those of the straight rail‘he other end, ii

Ocular

in sucli a stair as the present; and in semi-

at . — turnings the fibres of the wreathed piece would ber, ght angles to both of the straight parts of the rail.

‘lea#* _x *1 _ l* . J_x_ _ _i. • i . . _ -1 •

tlle ‘l A * 116 n0t on '-T disadvantages which accompany this

n '»ch ■

as it is evident, that a rail thus got out must be

eho-a Wea her than one where the fibres run parallel with theb 0 [ ( “ °h the face-mould, neither can it be well secured by‘he L" 1 , the joints. In Mr. Pain’s works, he does not showty,' application of the face to the plank. However, upon theh a though he has little or no invention in respect oflie has as much originality to claim as anyVat'" S P re decessors, Price excepted. His orthographical ole-in f h' stairs, though very useful, are very ill projected.t 0 ] Us display of dog-legged staircases, his elevations arefill • v We h drawn, see Figure 172. He has also been use-st ;l ;' n s hovving the constructions of carriages for geometricaln.l l0 ^’ as they were produced in his time. Though his plates

'"t

fition

contradictions and false schemes, they show his

.. more clearly than some of the preceding authors.

‘ 10u gh the principles of cylindric soffits in an obliquetliy i lt . wall, where the axis of the cylinder is parallel tod'e I. 0l ’ lzon > may be gathered from Price ; Pain has exhibitedlii 3 exam ple : but the constructions which he gives in;ir fe Palladio, and in his Practical House Carpenter,

as we shall show under the article Soffit ; andin,,’ ' n ‘de British Palladio, in' a similar case, in the cover-‘i'dit ' P 0 tys ona l domes, Plate 39, Figures a, b, c, d, lie isbn ^ is something singular, that the construction whicha circular wall is correct, as shown in his Golden'n '" his Practical Builder, in his British Palladio, and’Pl r actical House Carpenter.

S ^°tvn . 1 Ile ‘d°d of constructing and gluing up columns is' n Plate 18, of the Practical House Carpenter. He^ave 3 • 'Methods for gluing on the blocks for carving theIV a „,. ln ‘he Ionic and Corinthian capitals, Plates 34 and 35,In to 1 IIouse Carpenter.

63. C\? tit© enina

io n the same work, lie attempts the construe-

Wo Ve taking-mouldings, but fails, as Langley had done‘io , 3 0 ‘j. He also shows, in the same work, how the propor-, heights of the members of cornices upon a dirain-l *> tfio U e "re obtained, but neglects to show the projectionsIn 8i "ne ratio.

- 7 eir . c *' have failed ; and the various authors, with

g up the whole, we shall omit the several.-.ir j -~h have failed ; and the various authors, with*fice j|, en ‘tons and improvements, will stand as follow :^'ieff s d°ived a method for constructing hand-rails, and

*0

,r ant j to the wreath part of a

'nti„ ' a '‘ °" a landing : he also spoke

<*, • itt? aiou opuivc ui iio upjniuuuun

X e, ‘Ward e< ^ ' v ' ru ‘' n o stairs, but gave no example. We shallj *>is amj* n °t'ce tlie disadvantages attending his method,vjgs, j n l< ‘ 1 ’ also gave the first construction of raking-mould-V 3 ,‘ e Art of Hand-railing, and Salmon, followingti ' r- L lnc 'ple, gave an example of a continued winding-r 0,1 > by * n 8 *ey,l'is first example, varied this construc-a jjk PPv'ng ordinates dividing the plan and the section"amber of equal parts, and making the ordinates

scroll and to thespoke of its application

of the section equal to the corresponding ordinates of theplan ; and in this Langley gave the first introduction toordinates in hand-railing, though ordinates were used byPrice in other prismatic constructions.

Swan connected the face-mould with the plan, by placingthe pitch-board between them, and so drew ordinates per-pendicular to the base of the pitch-board, which he carriedup to the hypothenusal line, used as a base to the prismaticsection, and then drawing ordinates to such base, made thecorresponding ordinates of the section equal to those of theplan, and thus completed the face-mould. -This was certainlyan improvement upon Langley’s first method, as by thismeans it became more evident to the reader. The methods,however, shown by Langley and Swan, were in effect thesame as Price ’s ; that is, they would give the same moulds,under the same data or circumstances, and consequentlywould partake of the same advantages or disadvantages, aswe shall exemplify at the end of this article.

The application of the surface of the frustum of a conewas first applied by Swan, to mouldings bent to the springround a cylindric body. Pain followed the scheme of ordi-nates laid down by Swan, and constructed his falling-mouldsin a more eligible manner than any of the preceding authors;but he is very inconsistent in a disagreement between histext and his diagrams, as well as in showing his moulds forthe formation of rails, answering to a complete semicircularplan.

There are several particulars with respect to hand-railingto be observed on the whole; in all the wreaths hithertoconstructed, the joints are always made at the spring, viz.,at the dividing surface, between the straight and circularparts, and the fibres of the wood will always run perpen-dicular to those of the straight rail, at one end. at least; bythis means the fibres, or grain, as they are called, are ill-matched, and the wreath becomes extremely weak at thejoint. In none of these methods shown by Langley andSwan, which in effect are Price ’s, will the section coincidein any more than any one point on the top of the lowerextremity of the wreath, and this circumstance, therefore,occasions a vast waste of stuff, as we shall presently prove.Pain also showed the method of constructing columns ;forming and gluing up capitals, in order to be carved ; withthe formation of a cylindro-cylindric soffit, when the axis ofthe cylindric opening was in a plane perpendicular to the axisof the cylindric wall. The construction of a pediment in acircular wall was also tried by this author, and so far as heproceeded he was correct, but was deficient in not giving thewhole of the requisite moulds and instructions, which ren-dered what he had done of no value.

We have now noticed all the methods that may be con-sidered either as inventions or improvements in the art ofjoinery, and we trust that the account is impartial, and whatevery one inclined to do justice will find to be the case; andif anything has been mistaken, it is occasioned by the dis-agreement between their text and diagrams, and not fromany intention to lessen their merit, or the value of theirworks.

Mr. Nicholson has invented the method for the develop-ment of a conic soffit in a circular wall, or of a conic surfaceterminated by a plane, or by a cylindric surface. Andthough the cuneoidal surface is not capable of development,he has shown how it may be unfolded, so as to terminate upona plane or cylindric surface, by a method which comes verynear to the truth.

He has discovered an entire new principle of squaring thewreath of a hand-rail, by which the face-mould may touchthe tops of two vertical sections at each end, either Jd one of

i