LIB

101

LIB

(}j r e . A > B > c, represent the intensities at a, b, c, in theof a- 10n ® E A ) G b, f c. Take any point, d, in the middle linet Wo , r . ectlon > and draw d e, bf perpendicular to the otherA: c I” 68 direction : then (Corollary 2, last Problem)any D F : be; therefore a d e=c Xd f. Again, fromp Q. ^°' nt > f j in one of the extreme lines of direction, drawf,, , EH perpendicular to the other two, then A : b : :

q 1 ®> therefore axfh = bXfg.a p r j r °“ ar y 4.—Hence, if three forces act perpendicular toitg j- ^tic rod, or beam, the products of any two, each byCo* ° n ^ le heam from the third, are equal,a p r : rollar y 5.—Hence, if three forces act perpendicular todi sta rnatl c rod, or beam, the products of any two of theireq Ua i from the third, in the direction of the beam, aretide ' ’ ' 0r * n this case all the lines, f d, d e, f g, f h, coin-anq .V 1 one straight line, and become parallel to the beam,tho„ p e se gfnents intercepted by the directions are equal to

Lev .^ 16 ' 3eam ‘

that tb BOARDS, a set of boards so fastened togetherl esg • y ma y be turned at any angle to admit of more orall aif 1 ° r or t0 lap upon each other, so as to excludeLlRT?" through apertures,a c 0n .ttARY, an edifice or apartment destined for holding°r oerable number of books placed regularly on shelves ;the or - - k® themselves lodged in it. Some authors refercar e libraries to the Hebrews; and observe, that the

k°oks ° Se P eo Pl e took for the preservation of their sacredancest an< ^ ^ le m emory of what concerned the actions of theirt° the°p’ ^ ecame an example to other nations, particularlyhave t ftSyptians. Osimandyas, king of Egypt , is said toa libra* 1 .^' e h'nt first ; and, according to Diodorus , had'J'YxrryTj'lt in his palace, with this inscription over the door,the sam ^TPF.ION. Nor were the Ptolemys , who reigned inThe 6 co . un t r y>less curious and magnificent in their books.Tersia p Cn Pture also speaks of a library of the kings ofSisteq of Fa V " v ’- T> which some imagine to have con-a ffair s °f ^ le historians of that nation, and of memoirs of thea rep og q state > hut, in effect, it appears rather to have beenThe jj\° ry °f laws, charters, and ordinances of the kings.' Va i ,( l s rew tex t calls it the house of treasures, and after-hp, YV 6 ' Iouse °f the rolls, where the treasures were laidti°ne(j : 6 ?° a y» with more justice, call that a library, men-^tih, and • secon< l °f Esdras to have been built by Nelie-a tid ^ p. ") which were preserved the books of the prophets,The p aVl< l> and the letters of their kings.

^l^lstrat ISt W *’° erecte< l a library at Athens was the tyranthfle. rj?.® : an d yet Strabo refers the honour of it to Aris-■Persi a „ °1' Pisistratus was transported by Xerxes into

to Ath'epg ' Was afterwards brought back by Seleucus Nicanoro Sta hlis),B,i Tong after, it was plundered by Sylla, and re-

rushed r s , • ’ P

, a ere y, D y Adrian. Plutarch says, that under EumenesPyraririio & '*^ rar y at Pergamus, containing 200,000 books,cfrnpgy ’ a celebrated grammarian, contemporary with^ la< l a library of 30,000 volumes. That of Ptolemy

’’tils, whicij 8 ’ accor< H n g t0 A. Gallius, contained 700,000

iibS° nsti ° 1 T

^ 0r “st*aru- Were burnt by Ctesar’s soldiers,fary at n " ne > and his successors, erected a magnificentti^ed Sort .. oas ’ an tinople; which in the eighth century con-

3oo —

in^’ atr ion<w!^ v °lumes, all burnt by order of Leo Isaurus ;Inters ff t rest > a copy of the Iliad and Odyssey, written

t}l • e most 80 , ° n t ' le entra ils of a serpent.

1 ;, Plan, Ce lebrated libraries of ancient Rome , were the

Stie s of p Ie Palatine -

L ci liu 8 Eu 0 n au ^ us -dJmilius, who conquered Perseus ; ofEditing g‘ u b ,s > of Assinius Pollio, Atticus, Julius Severus,ti^'an a US ’ Pautphilius Martyr, and the emperorsV °I.. j r , U Trajan.

2 D

Anciently, every large church had its library; as appearsby the writings of St. Jerome, Anastasius, and others. PopeNicholas laid the first foundation of that of the Vatican ,in 1450.

The Bodleian library at Oxford , built on the foundationof that of duke Humphrey, exceeds that of any university inEurope, and even those of all the sovereigns of Europe , exceptthe emperor’s and the royal library of France , whichare each of them much older. It was first opened in 1602,and has since found a great number of benefactors; particu-larly Sir Robert Cotton, Sir H. Savil, Archbishop Laud ,Sir Kenelm Digby , Mr. Allen, Dr. Pococke, Mr. Selden,and others. The Vatican, the Medicean, that of Bessarion at Venice, and those just mentioned, exceed the Bodleian inGreek manuscripts ; which yet outdoes them all in Orientalmanuscripts.

As to printed books, the Ambrosian at Milan, and that ofWolfenbuttle, are two of the most remarkable, and yet bothinferior to the Bodleian . The principal public libraries inLondon , beside that of the Museum, are those of the Collegeof Heralds, of the College of Physicians, and of Doctors’Commons, to which latter every bishop, at the time of hisconsecration, gives at least £20, sometimes £50, for the pur-chase of books ; those of Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, InnerTemple, and Middle Temple ; that of Lambeth, founded byarchbishop Bancroft, in 1610, for the use of succeeding arch-bishops of Canterbury, and increased by the benefactions ofarchbishops Abbot, Sheldon, and Tennison, and said to con-sist of at least 15,000 printed books, and 617 volumes inmanuscript ; that of Redcross-street, founded by Dr. DanielWilliams, a presbyterian divine, and since enriched by manyprivate benefactions ; that of the Royal Society , called theArundelian, or Norfolk library, because the principal part ofthe collection formerly belonged to the family of Arundel,and was given to the society by Henry Howard , afterwardsduke of Norfolk , in 1666, which library has been increasedby the valuable collection of Francis Aston, Esq., in 1715,and is continually increasing by the numerous benefactions ofthe works of its learned members, and others : those ofSt. Paul’s, and of Sion College ; the Queen’s library, erectedby Queen Caroline in 1737 ; and the Surgeons ’ library, keptin their hall in Lincoln’s Inn Fields. In order to give someidea of the construction of a library, it will be necessaryto know the different sizes of paper, and for this purpose thefollowing table will be found useful :

Inches.

1. Foolscap .

131 by 161

2. Crown .

. 15

20

3. Demy .

. 171

22

4. Medium .

18

23

5. Royal .

19*

24

6. Super-royal .

19*

27

7. Elephant .

. 23

28

8. Imperial .

22

30

9. Columbier.

231

34

10. Atlas.

261

34*

11. Double Elephant, or Grand Eagle

261

40

The dimensions of the shelves, and their distances fromeach other, will therefore be determined by the kind of booksintended to be deposited on them.

Library, the King's, at St. James’s, was founded by Henry ,eldest son of James I. and made up partly of books, and partlyof manuscripts, with many other curiosities, for the advance-ment of learning. It has received many additions from thelibraries of Isaac Casaubon , and others.

Library, Cottonian, originally consisted of 958 volumes oforiginal charters, grants, instruments, letters of sovereign

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