M AU

130

MEA

a.d. Name. Country. a.d. Name. Country.

1700 Lalande. France 1700 Steward. Scotland

Maskelyne... Ditto Yandermond

Montucla ... Ditto Vega .

Pingree. Ditto Wargentin ...

Robison. Scotland

Mathematical Instruments, see Instruments.

MAUSOLEUM , is the term now generally used to desig-nate a sepulchral chapel or edifice erected for the receptionof a monument; but it originally applied only to the magni-ficent structure raised by Artemisia, as the tomb of herhusband Mausolus, king of Caria, at Halicarnassus , b.c. 352.Of this monument, once reckoned among the wonders of theworld, no remains now exist ; but from Pliny ’s description(xxxvi. 5), it appears to have been nearly square in its plan,measuring 113 feet on its sides, and 93 on each of its endsor fronts, and to have been decorated with a peristyle of 36columns (supposed by Hardouin to have been 60 feet, orupwards), above which, the structure was carried up in apyramidal form, and surmounted, at its apex, by a marblequadriga, executed by Pythis, who, according to Vitruvius ,was joint architect with Satyrus in the building. It wasalso richly decorated with sculptures and reliefs, by Scopas ,Bryaxis, Timotlieus, and Leochares . The entire height was140 feet.

The mausoleum erected at Babylon by Alexander theGreat , in honour of Hephasstion, appears to have been stillmore magnificent, and somewhat extravagant in its decora-tions, as far as can be gathered from the account of it byDiodorus (xvii. 115). Below it was adorned by the gildedrostra, or beaks, of 240 ships, and every successive tier orstory was enriched with a profusion of sculpture, representingvarious animals, fighting centaurs, and other figures, all ofwhich were gilt. On the summit were statues of sirens,made hollow, in order that the singers who chanted thefuneral dirge might be concealed within them.

Those of Augustus and Hadrian, at Rome , were alsostructures of great magnitude and grandeur, and resembledeach other in form, being circular on the plan. The firststood in the Campus Martius, where remains of it yet existin the two concentric circles forming the first and secondstories of the building, and the vaulted chambers between,which supported the first or lowest terrace. Of these terracesthere were three, consequently four stages in the building,gradually decreasing in diameter, the uppermost of whichwas crowned by a colossal statue of the emperor. Theterraces themselves were planted with trees. From tracesof something of the kind that yet remain, it is conjecturedthat there was originally an advanced portico attached to thebuilding, in the same manner as that of the Pantheon,though considerably smaller in proportion to the rest of theplan, as it could not have been carried up higher than thefirst stage of the building. According to Hirt’s representa-tion of it, in his “ Baukunst bei den Aiten, it was a Corin-thian hexastyle, advanced one intercolumn before the side-walls connecting it with the circular edifice behind it.

Hadrian ’s mausoleum, now converted into the Castello diSt. Angelo, in which shape it is familiar to almost every one,is a work of most massive construction, and originally pre-sented an unbroken circular mass of building, erected upona larger square basement, lofty in itself, yet of moderateheight in proportion to the superstructure, the latter beingabout.twice as high as the former. This nearly solid rotunda,which was originally coated with white marble, had on itssummit numerous fine statues, which were broken to pieces,and the fragments hurled down by the soldiers of Belisarius upon the Goths , who attempted to take the building by

storm. Neither are any remains now left of the u PP? rB1 ] a rstage of the edifice, which assumed the form of a circ® eperipteral temple, whose diameter was about one-third jlarger circle. According to tradition, its peristyle consiof the 24 beautiful Corinthian columns, which afterW'j 11decorated the basilica of San Paulo fuori delle Mura (part®destroyed some years ago by fire, but now nearly restore ^and its tholus or dome was surmounted by a colossal p 1apple in bronze, now placed in the gardens of the Vatic® 11 ’ fSuch places as Henry VII. ’s chapel, and the Pantheon jthe Escurial , may also be considered as mausoleum® > jthe term is generally restricted to a detached edifice eremerely as a private burying-place, or to contain to 11 ’^There are several structures of the kind in the parks of ^nobility; among the most remarkable is that at L®Howard, the seat of the earl of Carlisle, and one of Ha"*’,moor’s best works, a noble circular edifice in the K°"j.uDoric style, elevated upon a basement, and crowned 7dome : plans, sections, &c. of this structure have been b < }tifully engraved by Moses. The marquis of Rocking 1 ’ 8 ^mausoleum, by Carr, is another ornamental structure ot.kind, composed of three stories, Doric, Ionic , and Corinth^We may also mention those at Cobham, in Kent , ^Brocklesby, in Lincolnshire , by the late James Wyatt. - 1mausoleum of Louisa, queen of Prussia, at Charlottenh® ^near Berlin, has a Grecian-Doric portico, but is no 1 ^remarkable as a building as for containing the sarcoph®^

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on which is the recumbent figure of that princess, thed’ceuvre of Rauch’s chisel.

MEASURE (from the Latin mensura), in geometry - 0certain quantity assumed as one, or unity, to which the rof other homogeneous or similar quantities is expressed- „This definition is somewhat more agreeable to practic ethat of Euclid, who defines measure as “a quantity, ' vV j jobeing repeated any number of times, becomes e Q ua t jcfdanother which only answers to the idea of an aritbW emeasure, or quota part.

Measure op an Angle, an arc described from the v f , l{ ,din any place between its legs. Hence angles are disting ul e jjby the ratio of the arcs, described from the vertex be 1the legs, to the peripheries. , t )i e

Angles, then, are distinguished by those arcs ; ®° gelarcs are distinguished by their ratio to the periphery-Angle . ^e

It is, however, in many cases, a more simple ® n<1 sll trconvenient method to estimate angles, not by the arcs gtending them, but by their sines, or the perpendicular ‘^oS®from one leg to the other. Thus it is usual, among ofwho are taking the level of the ground, to say that it rl ^16falls one foot, or one yard, in ten, when the sine of the ^of its inclination to the horizon is one-tenth of the r® j t oAngles of different magnitudes are, indeed, P r0 P° rt ^ e si® 6

the arcs, and not to the sines ; so that in this sense

is not a true measure of the comparative magnitudeangle ; but in making calculations, we are more f re< l (l> eobliged to employ the sine or cosine of an angle tn gtl eangle or arc itself. Nevertheless, it is easy to pass fr .^o'of these elements to the other, by means either of tr ’°metrical tables, or of the scales engraved on the sector- a r«iMeasure op a Figure, or Plane Surface, ®whose side is one inch, foot, yard, or other detelength. ... - s^ 1

Among geometricians it is usually a rod, called ® * jjit®rod, divided into ten square feet, and the square > e

MENSt

square digits. Hence square measures. See

Measure of Force, for perforating metal and ol "‘stances. The measure of the force necessary to pun