MOD
203
M O N
In t] eX p eraes > nor over the axes of the intermediate shafts,iiiu | 6 ” ant; heon, the modillion next each angle of the build-lion ' aS ltS vert ’ ca l side, which is opposed to the next modil-of t j i Ileare i' to the central plane of the portico, over the axisrn 0( j|M. c °l ll mn, and consequently the whole breadth of the"‘‘-xt f 100 0n one s ‘4e the axis entirely, and on that side17 in 0 pn' ie the building. In the whole portico are
tire ,? 1 ,OMS > including those at each extreme; the intervalsdint lere ‘ ore > 46 in number, and 44 between the columnsConsJ * 6 ° etween their axes. The portico is octostyle, and,thi s jd ea tly, the intercolumns are seven in number : fromdi S t 7 Wl H ibund, that if the columns were placed equi-ty. dm number of intermodillions would be 6-f in num-ii' 1 'tn.yj 11 this temple the corresponding intervals are verySodt( z d i‘, The two extreme ones are, according to Des-
g< ’A* > and 9' 2|" ; the next two, nearer the centre,
* re > ar 6 ’ a,ld 9 ’ t ^ le next two, still nearer to the cen-
c °lum e ‘ eX;aCt ' y e q u al. being 9' 5" each ; and the central inter-eqn a n ni ''do n is 10' 4|": so that the modillions appear to beTlie I Iv 'ded, without any regard to the axis of the columns,hay 1 attl ' 3 irregularity in the disposition of the modillionsJupi^ observed in the temple of Concord, and in that ofthe (g d le 4'hunderer. In the three remaining columns ofi’^ccd°1 Jupiter Stator , each column has a modillion
ji
0,| s r•,° Ver ’ ts ax ' s > and each intercolumn has three modil-of tl, e ^Snhirly disposed : the distance between the lower endslifciir| ' S ' : d' ,s are 3 modules, 41 parts, and the columns are in
In tliep m0< ? ul<iS ’ 6 « P art !' .
Cojit ra 1 antheon, the modillions are placed in the pediment,iVtOlVTT 0 the authority of Vitruvius .n n '°'hil PROPORTION, that which is regulated by
^ODt't ^ ^ 0DUI ' E '
lie p,. d'PA [’ION, (from the Latin, modulor , to regulate,)^lODm' 0 ' 1 tlie parts of an order.
Pro* * C . erta ' n measure take _ L _ _, __ D _ a
tho , tlor is of columns, and the symmetry or distributionA* * ,U * ,e building.
tli,
ictii re (from the Jbatin, modulus, a pattern,) in archi-
ve p r ’ a Cei 'tain measure taken at pleasure, for regulatingof ,1
tli,
■*G boff * w,,u «‘7 v;iiuvj»c 111c uiiimcLci, ur acini-uiiuneier, ui
Io]ivirl m - cd d )e column, for their module; and this they
u ’chit,
ects
usually choose the diameter, or semi-diameter, of
tiv
Vigg^j Irn o parts or minutes.
. p clv^ a J' v 'ides his module, which is a semi-diameter, into*°r thp , ls > P° r the Tuscan and Doric ;
The hw order «-
j? d( 'tz ?°4iile of Palladio, Scammozzi, M. Cambray, Des-
and into eighteen,
otz 7
^* v '4ed ^I erc ’ & c -> which is also the semi-diameter, is
^0m e j- to . parts, or minutes, in all the orders.
° r ( be D ' V .‘ de die whole height of the column into 20 parts°f tl 01 * C ’ ^“2 P° r the Ionic , 25 for the Roman, &c., andrest P arts they make a module, by which to regulateThere , tlle building.
^'tioiis a p e tvvo ways of determining the measures, or pro-'diieii ig ° buildings : the first by a fixed standard measure,j. a bed ^ asa ally the diameter of tlie lower part of the column,'s s ec 0 i 1( j° 1 ^ e ’ su bdivided into 60 parts, called minutes. InJ V ’ s '°n ,, Ie are no minutes, nor any certain and statedmodule ; but it is divided occasionally into asThus the height of the
^°f the :
bull 3 !13are judged necessary. - - c
' re e, to ] ’ W n<dl half the module, is divided either into'he n r „! ave d'e height of the plinth; or into four, for that\ v -ith er to rus; or into six, for that of the lesser.n fi 'l as ( . ese manners have been practised by the ancient aschiefl 6 niode r n architects ; but the second, which wasT used among the ancients, is, in the opinion of
A 8 v .’ Preferable.
■truvins.
H
"ch
'bt. u ^ le other orders, is the diameter of the lower part3 G
of the column, and has reduced that great module to a meanone, which is a semi-diameter ; M. Perrault reduces the mo-dule to a third part, for the same reason, viz., to determinethe several measures without a fraction. For in the Doric order, beside that the height of the base, as in the otherorders, is determined by one of these mean modules ; thesame module gives likewise the heights of the capital, archi-trave, triglyphs, and metopes. But our little module, takenfrom the third of the diameter of the lower part of thecolumn, has uses much more extensive; for, by this, theheights of pedestals of columns, and entablatures, in allorders, are determined without a fraction.
As then the great module, or diameter of the column, has60 minutes ; and the mean module, or half the diameter, 30minutes ; our little module has 20. See Column.
MOILON, a name given by the French to a kind of stone,that forms the upper crust, and lies round the free-stone, inmost quarries. It is an excellent substance for forming thebody of fluxes, or soft enamel.
MOINEAU, (French, ) in fortification, a flat bastion raisedbefore a curtain when it is too long, and the bastions of theangles too remote to be able to defend each other.
Sometimes the moineau is joined to the curtain, and some-times it is divided from it by a moat. Here musqueteers areplaced, to fire each way.
MOLDING. See Moulding.
MOLE, (from the Latin , moles,) a massive work of largestones laid in the sea by means of coffer-dams, extendingeither in a right line, or in the arc of a circle, before a port,which it serves to close, to defend the vessels in it from theimpetuosity of the waves, and to prevent the passage of shipswithout leave.
Mole is sometimes also used to signify the harbour itself.
Mole, among the Romans, was also used for a kind ofmausoleum, built in the manner of a round tower on a squarebase, insulated, encompassed with columns, and covered witha dome.
The mole of the emperor Adrian, now the castle of St.Angelo, was the greatest and most stately of all the moles. Itwas crowned with, a brazen pine-apple, in which was a goldenurn containing the ashes of the emperor.
MOMENT, or Momentum, (from the Latin, ) the impetus,force, or quantity of motion in a moving body; or the wordis sometimes used simply for the motion itself. Moment isfrequently defined by the vis insita, or power by which mov-ing bodies continually change place. In comparing themotion of bodies, the ratio of their momenta is always com-pounded of the quantity of matter, and the celerity of themoving body; so that the moment of any such body may beconsidered as a rectangle under the quantity of matter, andthe celerity.
And since it is certain, that all equal rectangles have theirsides reciprocally proportionable ; therefore, if the momentaof any moving bodies be equal, the quantity of matter in oneto that of the other, will be reciprocally as the celerity of thelatter to that of the former ; and, on the contrary, if the quan-tities of matter be reciprocally proportionable to the celerities,the momenta or quantities in each will be equal.
The moment, also, of any moving body may be consideredas the aggregate or sum of all the momenta of the parts ofthat body; and, therefore, where the magnitudes and numberof particles are the same, and where they are moved with thesame celerity, there will be the same momenta of the whole.See Force.
MONASTERY , a convent, or house, built for the recep-tion of religious devotees; whether it be abbey, priory, nun-nery, or the like. The term is only properly applied to the
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