OL Y

243

OPE

CECtJs,

e a Partin'Very

(Greek) a word used by Vitruvius , to denoteent connected with the dining-room. The ceci

«0i«

' v (t w ,

M vi'T y Magnificent, as will appear by reading chapters v.Ooj'iQp ">• of Newton’s Vitruvius .

a "S, (French ) in architecture, denote all the apart-? r Palac' serve f° r the necessary occasions of a great house,k'tch eris ’ or tliose where the servants are employed ; as^Mriariyg P an tries, brewhouses, confectioneries, fruiteries,■file “ c, > as- also wash-houses, wood-houses, stables, &c.I * re s Unk” eS Hre comm °nly in the bassecour; sometimes theyground, and well vaulted.

( Ces in H «• tP°se parts of a wall which connect twoMorn th« i rent Parallel planes, where the upper part recedes

0GtV OWer -

" f 'wo ,1 or , 0 -G, in architecture, a moulding, consistingwitb em ° ers ’ one concave, the other convex, the• ^'triiv' ' V ^ lat: ' s otherwise called cymatium.

®' r cle. g" 18 Makes each member of the ogee a quadrant of a"ott^ anH aminozzi > and some others, make them somewhat,The str >ke them from two equilateral triangles.

°1 an t, o Ur e of an ogee bears some resemblance to that

an <$

.S?Wes,

"kicli,

Va 'ilt. ,„i,' n architecture, arches or

! n , e anotp 1 ? 11 ’ in lieu of beinJ'ieli rnni ° an °ther, and for

branches of a Gothiccircular, pass diagonally from

<]. ' i ' 1 tiiak . ’’ “ 11,1 m a cross with the other arches

la ,£°tials t * Ui s ' de °F tde squares, whereof the ogives are

8a Fefi tlie'^ 6 ’ w ^ le|, e the ogives cut or cross each other, isHr 8 C!d de l' Which ’ 8 sometimes carved in form of a rose,caliph i am P e ’ ’Flie members or mouldings of the ogives^ratp nerv ?s, branches , or reins ; and the arches whicha ^iLLE'po ®' ves ’ double arches.

fn eye ). I.' ’ 0lI ‘i- ETTE s, or Oylets, (from the French , ceil,W, 1 " 8 M (], y<lle ^‘koles, small openings, or holes of variouse ? e dispv,„ "'alls of fortified places, through which missiles'.f ° Llj Ul;n ed °" ,he besiegers.

>n ^' e carb ..k^^DSTONE, in geology, the lowest member]> r d| ". cou nt 0niferou3 group of strata, extensively developedin 'c^ t '°cksl'^ S ^' lro P s l>ire and Herefordshire , in England;tli . ' n Wales ; and Dumfriesshire and Forfarshire

tiHC S 'Wian Fes between the carboniferous series and(,, j | ,u, is of g -|°. ' Ft consists of many varieties and alter-i'ed 0llr8 > refi ' c,ous sandstones, and conglomerates of variousHij, ^Miln^^P'^cminating. According to Bakewell, the oldril^P'rp ls a g''aywacke, coloured red by the accidental.VWt^.^ofirc

a fest'"^^ GAMES, the chief of the four greatfift|' Cl ' e d sp 0 | Va s °* ti ,e Greeks, were celebrated at Olympia,(if j. I’tair i-.,?" tlie banks of the Alpheus, near Elis, everyexact interval at which it recurred, was one

>il u^Mcti

and

fifty lunar months alternately ; so that it

ie month of Apollonius (July), sometimes°f Parthenius (August). The period between"It lasted during

;C;,<h 8in the

'Pl^ys.' tl0ns > was called an Olympiad.

H|„|? Fflynjp- .

! R Contest* 1 * 1 estlva ' consisted of religious ceremonies,(t| tit. •' t Was t 8 ’ and ra ces. The chief deity who presidedV*>in g n ’ '.’Piter Olympius, whose temple at Olympia,Flip " l|6 of ^ 1Vor y and gold statue of the god by Phidias ,l”*,*" 1 ’'* co le -M° st magnificent works of art in Greece .Flip rfiii tli tlo , nsis,e d of horse and foot races, leaping, throw-''hly I’oxing, and combinations of these exercises.

tl, 0 * 18 r evi, , ese games was the foot-race, which was the

i ?.byiphitus.

\Y

'Hffl

The space run, was the length

te Jisl, jp^M which the games were held, namely,

about

■‘lng

° "as introduced in the 18th Olympiad (b.c. 708).

The wrestlers were matched in pairs by lot; when there wasan odd number, the person who was left by the lot withoutan antagonist, wrestled last of all with him who had con-quered the others. The athlete who gave his antagonistthree throws, gained the victory. There was another kindof wrestling, in which, if the combatant who fell could dragdown his antagonist with him, the struggle was continued onthe ground, and the one who succeeded in getting uppermostand holding the other down, gained the victory.

Boxing was introduced in the 23rd Olympiad (b.c. 688.)

The boxers had their hands and arms covered with thongs jof leather, called cestus, which served both to defend them, jand to annoy their antagonists. Virgil describes the cestus ! jas armed with lead and iron ; but this is not known to have ibeen the case among the Greeks. In these games, the com-batants fought naked.

The horse-races were of two kinds, with chariots, orwithout. The chariot-race was generally with four-horsedchariots, and was introduced in the 25th Olympiad (b.c. 680.)

The course had two goals in the middle, at the distance pro-bably of two stadii from each other. The chariots started j jfrom one of these goals, turned round the other, and returned ; !along the other side of the hippodrome. This circuit was i Imade twelve times. The great art of the charioteer consisted jin turning as close as possible to the goals, but withoutrunning against them, or against the other chariots. Theplaces at the starting-post were assigned to the chariotsby lot.

There were two sorts of races on horseback, namely, that-in which each competitor rode one horse throughout thecourse, and the other in which, as the horse approachedthe goal, the rider leaped from his back, and keeping hold ofthe bridle, finished the course on foot. See GiiiCCS andHippodrome.

It seems to be generally admitted that the chief object ofthis festival was to form a bond of union for the Grecianstates. Besides this, the great importance which such an jinstitution gave to the exercises of the body, must have hadan immense influence in forming the national character.Regarded as a bond of union, the Olympian festival seems tohave had but little success in promoting kindly feelingsbetween the Grecian states, and perhaps the rivalry of thecontest may have tended to exasperate existing quarrels; butit undoubtedly' furnished a striking exhibition of the nation-ality of the Greeks, of the distinction between them andother races. Perhaps the contingent effects of the ceremonywere, after all, most important. During its celebration,Olympia was a centre for the commerce of all Greece , for thefree interchange of opinions, and for the publication ofknowledge. The concourse of people from all parts of Greece afforded a fit audience for literary productions, and gave amotive for the composition of works worthy to be laid beforethem. Poetry and statuary received an impulse from the Jdemand made upon them to aid in perpetuating the victors’ |fame.

ONE-PAIR-OF-STAIRS, signifies the first story, orfloor, by passing up the stairs, or pair of stairs, as they arefrequently' called, from the entrance-floor to the next floor,which is denominated the one-pair-of-stairs floor, and fre-quently (though very improperly) the first floor, the entrancefloor being naturally the first floor.

OOLITE. See Roe-Stone.

OPAE, the space, signifies the space between joists. SeeNewton’s Vitruvius , book iv. chap. ii. i

OPENING. Nee Aperture.

OPERA HOUSE, a theatre for the express purpose ofperforming operas or musical dramas.

i

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