PEI

323

PEI

, that kind of stained glass into which the• ■PO\v”upi' lcor P or;l ted while in a state of fusion.

to fjjj BRINGS, a term sometimes used for devices serv-C le °is, wi-';? Vacant spaces in carved works; as also in escut-

lJ °w'S in s s ’ &<=.

aiiiok: K > 'n mecli

, rt ' i 'chi n ^* V ’ ln mechanics, a force, which, being applied toflUces it ’ ten< ^ 8 to produce motion ; whether it actually pro-. j^ r not - In the former case, it is called a moving’’'an, 0r tlle latter, a sustaining power. If the power beJ? ater i fire* 0 an ' ma h it is called an animate power ; if the air,^ 8 r avity, or elasticity, an inanimate power. See, •

V ' Z '' tli e j 18 a ' so use< l f° r » n y of the six simple machines,Pull* Ver ’ balance, screw, axis in peritrochio, wedge,p0 U>er« J: Which

4ni

which are particularly called the mechanical

^Axyryp See Puzzolana.i Cross Multiplication .

R^ a gnu p ALES, a celebrated sculptor of antiquity, borna e ®Xceli j laec * a > who flourished about the year 364 b. c.e ,a ut i l0r Particularly in the working of marble, and wasw . °* Some the most famous statues noticed byM otl e * S; amon g these were two of Venus, one clothedpref er \ et '. n _ a ked. The first was purchased by the Coans,\v||j c | **■ as the most decent. The Cnidians took the

I* a v 0 y ' r ' Vas so exquisitely beautiful, that many personsl^iteleg' to t * le island for the sole purpose of seeing it.er lf yne, 0 j. ' Vas deeply enamoured of the famous courtezanC ec 'ed at ^om he made several statues, one of which wasMany of his performances were in the

win_

eratn ieul Del P hi - _,.r.-. ..

j^'Us ar|( j al; -Athens ; among the rest, the statues of Har-^anrlo.. .^-f'stogiton. which Xerxes carried awav. and

p e .. ' J| u] ei . ,, nsto giton, which Xerxes carried away, il>e !? d ’ n R r . terwar ds restored. Many were extant at a hi

cast tn 0 ,n e-ai'bL , man y

Many were extant at a laterHis most noted works were in marble, but

8j' ea tly admired. He had a son, Cephissodorus,for 3 an( l fame.

pjjc Purp 0 AH CROSS, a cross erected in the highwayof preaching, as implied by the adjective,

thg 'Slits’ T a subordinate or branch establishment

Pn n ' e as t . eril pf ars > under the management of a preceptor ;h^-^?J^^tf onim andery of the Knights’ Hospitallers.

' Cs > on e p ~ A ON, (from the Latin, preeparatio, ) in mat

statues in metal, which, as well as those of

If:

mathe-

a ted.

'lie

. ■ -', ynuui mg umiLi,preeparatio,')be a le Parts or branches of a demonstration.tli e P ro P°sition In geometry that is to be demon-

l ati 0 3 figure • H, )arat >°n consists in certain lines to be drawnJ'^jl° be ^ . a Proposition in arithmetic, in some compu-tet an ^Y'X'Vpv- 0 °f )ta ' n more easily the demonstration.M a, 't f ai . t) “X that part of the church in the chancelPnests.

™ B "-

See Timber

a book containing the prices of labourti| i(h.,! /<e &nii,el y ,e v arious articles employed in building.f“lUo llrt icle r' ^ nce Book, with regard to labour only,

Carpentry an< l Joinery.

f’lGt’ip 1 Q ueen_ Host. See Post.

S ltc , '('to an '-'RE, in geometry, one that cannot be^itlu, * j? a tri-, 0t i 1 fig ui ' es more simple than itself.

Soli (j ^' j r all Ul | e a,non g planes; and the pyramids inffiiI a ''e p i' ‘ llles are made of the first, and all bodies,H„, f li Uy,> ( , Co ">Pounded of the second.

UI »iono

painters, the laying on of the first

>r.

fiV^Clp

t S, *'aft fcl , dj BR ACE , a brace immediately under theParallel to them, in a state of compres-1 the principals to support the timbers of

Principal Point, a point in the perspective plane, uponwhich a line drawn from the eye, perpendicular to the plane,falls. This point is in the intersection of the horizontal andvertical plane; and is also called the point of sight, and pointof the eye. See Perspective.

Principal Rafters, two inclined timbers in a roof, eithermeeting each other in tlie middle, or the ends of a beam inthe middle of the roof, the lower ends resting on the ends ofthe tie-beam : their office is to support the roof.

Principal Ray, that which passes perpendicularly fromthe spectator’s eye to the perspective plane, or picture.Whence the point where this ray falls on the plane is, bysome, called the principal point, which other writers callthe centre of the picture, and the point of concurrence.

PRIOEY denotes a society of religious, the superior ofwhich was denominated a prior, or prioress ; and of these 1there were two sorts ; as where the prior was chief governor,as fully as any abbot in his abbey, and was chosen by theconvent; such were the cathedral priors, and most of theAustin order, and where the priory was a cell subordinateto some great abbey, and the prior was placed and displacedat the will of the abbot.

PRISM, (from rrpicrya, something sawn, or cut off) ingeometry, an oblong, or solid body, contained under morethan four planes, and whose bases are equal, parallel, andalike situate.

PRISMOID, (formed of Trpierya and itcoc) a solid figure,having for its two ends any dissimilar parallel plane figuresof the same number of sides, and all the upright sides of thesolid trapezoids. If the ends of the prismoid be bounded bydissimilar curves, it is sometimes called a cylindroid.

To find the solidity of a prismoid, the general rule is : Tothe sum of the areas of the two ends, add four times the areaof a section parallel to, and equally distant from both ends :multiply the last sum by the height, and one-sixth of theproduct will be the solidity. Or, if the bases be dissimilarrectangles, take two corresponding dimensions, and multiplyeach by the sum of double the other dimension of the sameend, and the dimension of the other end corresponding to thislast dimension : then multiply the sum of the products bythe height, and one-sixth of the last product will be thesolidity.

PRISON, an edifice erected for the confinement of debtorsand criminals, until they be discharged or convicted. Theprincipal properties in the construction of a prison, are thoseof strength and convenience. Strength is of the utmostconsequence, in order to prevent the escape of the prisoners;and convenience, to promote their health ; to have the apart-ments of their due size and arrangement, according to thedifferent species of criminals, and to be handy in respect ofthe keeper.

Before the philanthropic labours of the celebrated Howardhad made known to the world the dreadful condition of tliepublic prisons of that day, such places were hardly fitted fortlie habitations even of the lowest animals, much less for theconfinement of human beings. But his exertions havingcalled public attention to tlie subject, a gradual ameliorationhas taken place, not only in the buildings, but in the wholesystem of prison discipline ; until it may be doubted whethermodern philanthropy is not running into the opposite extreme,and rendering abodes intended for the punishment of thevicious, superior to those attainable by the unfortunate andthe poor.

It would be impossible to point out with any degreeof minuteness the successive steps in prison improvement;nor is it, perhaps, strictly within the objects of this workto do so ; it will be sufficient to describe one or two modern

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