QUA
350
QUA
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QUADKA, in building, any square border, or frame, en-compassing a basso-relievo, panel, painting, or other work.
The word is also used, erroneously, for a frame or border,of any other form ; as round, oval, or the like.
QUADRAS, the fillets on either side of the scotia of theIonic base. Also the plinth or lower member of the podium.
QUADRANGLE, (from the Latin , quadrantus, quartered,and angulus, a corner) a quadrangular, or quadrilateral figure;or a figure which has four sides, or four angles.
To the class of quadrangles, or quadrangular figures,belong the square, parallelogram, trapezium, rhombus, andrhomboides.
A square, &c., is a regular quadrangle; a trapezium, anirregular one.
Quadrangular figures are not proper for fortifications ; theflanks and flanked angles being too small.
QUADRANT, (from the Latin , quadrans, a fourth part)an arc of a circle, containing 90 degrees, or one-fourth ofthe entire periphery.
Sometimes, also, the space, or area, included between thisarc and two radii, drawn from the centre to each extremitythereof, is called a quadrant, or, more properly, a quadrantalspace ; as being a quarter of the entire circle.
QUADRATURE, (from the Latin, quadratura ) literally,the finding of a square equal in area to any given figure;which was the method the ancients made use of, when theyhad in view the determination of the surface of any space ;but the term, quadrature, has now a more indefinite signifi-cation ; implying, in general, the determination of the areaof a figure, without any reference to the geometrical exhibi-tion of it, in a square or other rectilinear form.
QUADRELS, a kind of artificial stones, perfectly square;whence their name. They are made of a chalky, or whitishand pliable earth, &c., dried in the shade for at leasttwo years.
They were formerly in great request among the Italianarchitects.
QUADRIFORES, folding-doors which are divided intotwo in the height, so making four flaps.
QUADRILATERAL, (from the Latin , quatuor, four,and latus, a side) a figure whose perimeter consists of fourright lines, making four angles; whence it is also called aquadrangular figure.
If the several angles be right, the figure is a rectangularquadrilateral. If oblique, an oblique-angular quadrilateral.
If the sides of a quadrilateral be equal, and the anglesright, the figure is a square.
If the sides be equal, but the angles unequal, the figure isa rhombus.
If the angles be equal, and the sides unequal, the figure isa rectangle.
If only the opposite angles and sides be equal, thequadrilateral is a rhomboides.
If the opposite angles and sides be unequal, the quadri-lateral is a trapezium.
If any side of a quadrilateral, inscribed in a circle, beproduced out of the circle, the external angle will be equalto the opposite internal angle.
QUADRIPORTICUS, a quadrangle with porticos orambulatories on each side.
QUARREL, a lozenge-shaped pane of gl as9 •
also
a til*
or other material of the same form ; same as Q CAB ; n e, oiQUARRY, (from the Irish, carrig') a st ® ne iV .j 1 icb 8l tplace where stones are digged. The methods e0C e °practised in searching for, and ascertaining the P . (j ^i D alv
coals, and some
be
for
pe
stantly first had recourse to, and not that of smhowever favourable the appearances of the place ^the purpose, and the success of the undei ta g0C ce ^ground is first tried by this means, and a certain y g | tl) ati°.or failure gained, as well as that of the most P r °P' W*^ 0 ^
for sinking the shaft, or making the opening, orP^gr,much expense being incurred, in case of the a a .
th« s >
extensively in those farther to the noit , ojae .. ,,
Westmoreland, Yorkshire , Cumberland, an j^ncfl 5 .Liq_ .i__j t_ _._ c + 1,0 onunty 01 . _ stra 11
•flt
in a
icu iiwiu 4uautwj " C iX nP
0 . 0 ,.,,^, „„ great depth from the sui ’ P a ,id
without much difficulty or trouble; . e ’ ea t l a * ) ° Uit is forced from the solid rock with g ot [ ie r ,-ryexpense. This is likewise the case in 103 gta ntly 8 *;. • t0Wherever it is met with, it is almost co t prn ploy I1><i
V'fof
Wherever it is met with, it is , e&r
material of great value, and affords ® uclabourers. 0 f the 1
In the county of Kent, the banks of sor ” erna rkah 1B " t# t« ,are scooped out into stone quarries in a j a the g( ,r® ssome of them worn out and disused, o is th® fr o11 ’
being wrought. It has been observed, penetr^it, 8
stone county into which water-carriage j on vva 3 tb 1 .
the metropolis ; and that the origin 8 material at lier ewell as the modern one chiefly paved, / pebbl eS ® it0 V sdistrict, such as the rag-stone, and the J ‘ 6 . cai» e aC e 8 .on the sea-shores, before the Scottish g‘ apP e ‘ ,. e ; " tIn the neighbourhood of Maidstone, t t i,is n * - n t'many abandoned and neglected quarrie wr oug tb e xthe most considerable, which were a j n eao ^ 0 ,-iii . 8 .vicinity, are those of Farleigh and ban • ^ eV ery g0 B .blocks of stones, of different kinds, g> and $0*#
size, are met with, being separated t>y_ . a ni°gular masses of earth of various q ua „ 0 laC eS >brick earth of the best quality. A n
different sorts of materials of this nature, are &
those of boring, by means of an auger or borei^ ^ 0 th ethe purpose, into the earth, and digging into ’ hst 8 ®® 6 ^ways. In searching for most sorts of minera j 3 c® 8other matters, the use of the ? a “ h8 ‘’
trying for ochres, marls, and other similar artic ^. g ; n gimplement is also in common use. But in j a tes, ^ C ’ n d,providing lime-stone, free-stone, flags and ®‘ t j ]6 gro u j’|jsome cases, digging down into, and opening ,by spades and other tools, is the mode eI ? gtaa ces ^ e \&first instance, in consequence of such n S be wro«g ht 'obviously present in sufficient quantities to badvantage. ra ised ‘
Lime-stone is a very general sort of s *° 8 J g cou ntr j’ e requarries and pits, in many different parts ot goU th, ) v t jjeDevonshire, Sussex, Kent, &c., towards t ie g . in
Derbyshire, Staffordshire , and others, wher®^ p ar tk e jjjrft