SAN
S A S
398
Pit-sand, as being fat and tough, is most used in walls andvaults. River sand serves best for rough-casting.
All sand is good in its kind, if, when squeezed andhandled, it crackles; and if, being put on a white cloth, itneither stains nor makes it foul. That sand is bad, which,mixed with water, makes it dirty and muddy, and which hasbeen long in the air : for such will retain much earth androtten humour. Hence some masons wash their sand beforethey use it.
The sand of Puzzuolo, De Lorme observes, is the bestin the world ; especially for maritime buildings. See Puz-
ZOLANA.
SAND-STONE, in mineralogy, a stone essentially com-posed of grains or particles of sand, either united with othermineral substances, or adhering without any visible cement.The grains or particles of sand-stone are generally quartz,sometimes intermixed with felspar, or particles of slate.When the cementing matter is lime, such sand-stones arecalled calcareous: frequently the cementing matter is oxydeof iron intermixed with alumine. The particles of sand inthese stones vary greatly in size, some being so minute asscarcely to be visible.
Sand-stone is generally distinctly stratified ; and somekinds, which contain a considerable quantity of mica, splitinto thin laminae, which are used for slates in some parts ofEngland, particularly in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
The lowest of the principal beds of sand-stone lias beencalled by Werner, and the German geologists, the old redsand-stone. It generally rests on rocks of slate or grey-wacke, and is covered by thick beds of limestone. It is fre-quently coarse-grained, consisting of particles of quartz, andsometimes of felspar, cemented by iron-shot clay, that givesit the red colour from which its name is derived. Accordingto many geologists, the red sand-stone, which extends on thewestern side of England, from Penrith in Cumberland toShropshire , belongs to this formation.
The number and variety of sand-stones in the secondarystrata are very great, and the diversity of quality fits themfor the various purposes of building-stones, grind-stones,filtering-stones, &c. See Stone.
SANGALLO, ANTONIO DE, a celebrated architect ,born in the 15th century, in the territory of Florence. Hisfather, Antonio Picconi, was a cooper by trade, and Antoniowas brought up to the business of a joiner. Having, how-ever, two uncles, Giuliano and Antonio Sangallo , architects,of considerable reputation at Rome , he placed himself undertheir tuition, and assumed their name. He soon exhibitedconsiderable talents, and his progress in the art made himknown to Bramante , who, in 1512, entrusted to him theexecution of several works. He soon obtained employmentfrom some cardinals ; and in the pontificate of Leo X., whenhis uncle Giuliano quitted Rome , he was appointed his suc-cessor as architect of St. Peter’s, in conjunction with Raphael .He also manifested great skill as an engineer; and Leoadopted a plan which he gave for the fortification of CivitaVeechia. Under Clement VII. he was employed in enlarg-ing and embellishing the Vatican palace, and. in repairingthe fortifications of Parma and Placentia. He is also cele-brated for the construction of a remarkable well at Orvietto,which had two staircases for the descent and ascent of beastsof burden. He enjoyed the favour of Paul III. , who employedhim in many important works as architect and engineer ; andwhen Charles V. visited Rome after his Tunisian expedition,Sangallo had the planning of the triumphal decorations withwhich he was received. The Pauline chapel , and the mag-nificent staircases by which the chapels of the Vatican com-municate with St. Peter’s, were of his construction. The
the
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grandest efforts of his genius was a wooden > 3 *St. Peters, which, however was not closely r he ***he was noted for the solidity of his buildi"o> y^jca 1,employed in strengthening the foundations of 1 ,e cU p 0 la °*and of the great columns which support the c t |,eSt. Peter’s. Being engaged by the pope to 911 eX | ]a |a*inundations of the lake of Marmora, the heat and t >** ^ jjedtions from the foul water caused a disease, ot ' v, nin the year 1546. . j, u ildin?’
SAP (from the Italian zappare, to undermine), in ^ ata term used when a trench is opened in the g l0U ^foot of a wall, &c., so as to bring it down all at onceof support. sapp 111 ^
To demolish the thick firm walls of old castles, ° iC- ’is much the readiest way. . , ofl und er
Sap, in the military art, denotes a work carrie j e ts, ° rcover of gabions and fascines on the flank, and ^ ^tch,stuffed gabions, on the front, to gain the descent 0counterscarp, or the like. ending
It is performed by digging a deep trench, ° e f C (r j t as ^steps from top to bottom, under a corridor, carry 11 flg theas the bottom of the ditch, when that is dry; or a 9surface of the water, when wet. . arch' teC J
SAPIIETA, more commonly called Soffit, ji e l a' 1
window, placed F
ture, the board over the top of aopposite to the window-stool at the bottom.
SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE.Architecture.
See
sort
jylook
jS0
of
;ton e
ot
fies
taste.
coS2^f. «v«>0ayoc), a son -
a mind to burn! "" ^ tbe anc ients laid those they ha
^ e ^-ea7e7f’beL7 TiVed / rom the Greek > titerall/ S ’ S ?[ 0 r
the niakinir 0 f th 6> at ‘ St ’ used a sort ot ston
bodies. The a,,n ^ which quickly consume
a city of Proas! rries from whence they dug it "' e, ' e . t0
waste awav a h Assum - They had the fac«
^ept the teeth, in forty days- g,
The -imp' a re( .‘^ 3 ^ pumice-stone, and had a s a t,‘ ents also made vessels of it to cure the B
them to contm
.... cheq<yjJ
formed as to be Sq , uares of glass in windows, au^are either sintrl 1 an< * ^ ovvn by means of pulleys-Sash-praS 6 t °, r d0Ub !f , g „es arc
fitted for tho n* 16 , woo< * en fi'ame in which the Ba , J va y9,as the nature venienee of sliding up or down, or s “.When one ^ ‘ ,ie a Pa r tment to be lighted may t \ x e,yr both sashes are to be moved vertica J> ar@and the rt?sid*d m the. ^
into which they put their feet, not sufferingthere too long.
are commonly equipoised by weights .
trunks, or cases, tor
said to be
the
ea sed L e is
iffih
to run in
of the fr Ve «ical
when the sides 5 are ti,ere fore saiu
said to be solid T not ' made hollow for weights, the -- ^13 most commonlv n a sasll 'lrame, the under side ofjl°f intrados of the d ! sposed in the same surface as th (Jlgoutside ; conseo , S |° ne or brick bead of the window »
» f a. ’*
sash-frame emh etler straight or circular. .^ n .,‘ 0 iece,0,1 each side or t^T Consists ol four pieces; the ins' P ( j; s .posed in the Zl , next the aperture, is most commonly . Je°f the aperture „ 6 ane vvit h the jamb of the ^llef
planes: these t ° tbe outside, the two sides formii'o P th eir
containing the nTn p,eces al 'e called pulley-pieces, 10 jjch° CJie P u! leys, over which the ropes pass, by
-ded. The othf th e
that para ,Ie !/^{led
the sashes and weights are suspen 1
parts of each trunk are called linings ;pulley-piece, and next to the jamb, on e