SOS
436
SOU
These Figures, viz., 4, 5, 6, 7, are from Pain ’s Golden Rule.The principles upon which they are, founded are erroneous :see the article Envelope ; where are given correct methodsfor Figures 5 and 6, and very near approximations forFigures 4 and 7.
SOILS, an obsolete pronunciation for the sills of a window.See Sill.
Soils, in roofing, in Westmoreland, are what are generallydenominated, in London , Principal Rafters, which see.
SOLDERING, the method of uniting two or more metalsby partial fusion. The union is effected by an alloy orsolder, of greater fusibility than the metals to be united.
SOLID, (from the Latin , solidus, compact,) in geometry,a magnitude of three dimensions, extended in length, breadth,and thickness.
A solid is terminated, or contained, under one or moreplain surfaces, as a surface is under one or more lines. Fromthe circumstances of the terminating lines, solids are dividedinto regular and irregular.
Regular solids are terminated by equal and similarplanes, so that the apex of their solid angles may beinscribed in a sphere. Under this class come the Dode-cahedron, the Icosahedron , the Octahedron, and theTetrahedron, or Cube . See those articles.
Solid Angle, an angle formed by three or more planeangles meeting in a point.
The sum of all the plane angles constituting a solid angle,is always less than 360° ; otherwise they would constitutethe plane of a circle, and not a solid.
If the apex of a solid angle he supposed in the centre ofa sphere, the measure of the solid angle is the space inter-cepted upon the surface of the sphere by the planes of suchangle.
Hence the comparison of solid angles is easily effected : for,since the areas of spherical triangles are measured by theexcess of the sums of their angles, each above two rightangles, and the areas of spherical polygons of n sides by theexcess of the sum of their angles above (2 n —4) right angles;it follows, that the magnitude of a trilateral solid angle willbe measured by the excess of the sum of three angles above(2.3—4 = 2) above two right angles ; and the magnitude ofsolid angles, formed by n bounding planes, will be measuredby the excess of the sum of the angles of inclination of theseveral planes above (2 n —4) right angles.
In all cases, the maximum limit of solid angles will be theplane, towards which various planes determining such anglesapproach, as they diverge farther from each other about thesame summit ; the same as a right line is the maximum limitof plane angles, being formed by the two boundary lines,when they make an angle of 180°. The maximum limit ofsolid angles is measured by the surface of the hemisphere, inlike manner as the maximum limit of plane angles is measuredby the arc of a semicircle.
The solid right angle is ^ = (^) 3 of the maximum solidangle ; while the plane right angle is half the maximumplane angle.
Solid Shoot. See Water Shoot.
SOLIYE, (French, ) among carpenters, a joist, rafter, orpiece of wood, either slit or sawed, with which the builderslay their ceilings. This word, though generally found inbuilders’ dictionaries, is not used by English carpenters.
SORT ANT ANGLE, the same as Salient Angle,which see.
SOSTRATUS, in biography, the most eminent architectof his time, was a native of Cnidos , in Lesser Asia, the son ofDexiphanes, also an architect, who flourished in the thirdcentury before the Christian sera. The high patronage he
met with, caused him to be denominatedHe was particularly in favour with Ptolemy P*’ 1 ^' e ' ter-sovereign of Egypt , and is celebrated in history 0 ^ g n»‘ iT !races, supported on arcades, with which he adorned j s j
city. He also built the celebrated lighthouse on ain .Pharos, opposite to Alexandria, which was reckone^ tr» nS ”the wonders of the world ; and, by a crafty device, ^ . ro g.
mitted his name to posterity, in lieu of that of 1,9 fj 0 n 10Being ordered to engrave upon the tower an i" 8 * v j 0 ur 9 <the following effect; “King Ptolemy to the gods, , ata e, l ,efor the benefit of sailors instead of the king s ^ jnot'substituted his own, and then filling up the letter \„t in P. r0 :tar, he painted upon it as he had been directed , nff ravi n 8cess of time, the mortar wearing out, the original n ^ tl> 0
Sostratus, f OfLn ebeI)e et
'■ od.
isla D '
ong
appeared, and the inscription ran,sou of Dexiphanes, to the gods, the saviours,of sailors which remained as
long as the tower
SOUFFLOT, JAMES GERMAIN, an eminent/ 1born, in 1714, at Irancy, near Auxerre. H |8
artlieGofe"
an
ion,
avocat of the parliament, destined him for his own P n . putand sent him, while very young, to Paris for educ f jrn epreferring the science of architecture, he was tor ^ Jtaly,employed in that art at Lyons, whence he repair^ a£ j nl itte'for improvement, and, on his return to France , wa^ s ev eraone of the king’s pensioners. It being resolved < ^ rgCO ni'public buildings should be erected at Lyons, he c tor °fmended to undertake part of the work, by the dm® 0 f th eFrench academy at Rome; and the construe 1 ^ fflieExchange and the Hospital was committed t0 .^ e xceH e °noble simplicity of the Hospital, together with
its
intei
art 11
adaptation to the object for which it wasuniversally admired, and raised his reputation^*-^ onJ nil
nded
an
wef®
ist-
i- this, he was employed to build the Lone j„
tro <\f flux an rvt r»itvr Un npvt trtfV6l*6
into
su c '
After
Jialy, and*on*hi 9am<i eit V- He next (rave,,-.- _cessivelv nviri 8 return ’ 8et tled at Paris , where he w»Tuillerii m de f° mp * roliel ' of the buildings at Marl/ing knight t * le aoa demies of architecture an P‘.j j.
infc In 757 St .- and mtendant of the ro/«
Genevieve m , k ’ d tlie foundation of the church ol
and the towers"' “h! tr °‘!‘ y . fillished the
some «pv»™ • dn * 118 business, be subjected hi
oferectincr , CI ',’ clsm > especially with respeot to the P 088 . it)
though snm 18 Intended dome upon the bases designe ;
31, Z 6X “ Ct ealeulations justified his pl«°- Le
than liia t un lrtendly remarks of his rivals wer
partly of c“S TnT^ in ' itab,e ’ C0Uld bear 767
- '—..uu..7,’ n tilu /ear 1780, at the age of 67■ , er3 ,
J * : —ed, he executed ma !’-ff [er his
great genius ; 0 fl bo oh
the public works already mentioned, he execuwhich display the powers of a great geniu ^ ^
death, M. Dumont, professor of architecture, P t |, e td e(of designs, which he had left behind him, UI ^ pro# 0 „ 0 i,Elevations el Coupes de quelques Edifi ce *ig e ct ^
d’ltalie, designees par feu M. Soufflot, pe
et gravies. . b j 8 ir"' 11116 J J/
Though Soufflot was rough and hasty m n ainewas kind and friendly, whence he obtaine
for
the purpose of increasing
pulpit, usedreflection
Sound - Boarding, in floors, short fillets, ”7” fl a/
versely between the ioists, and supporte / b \g li ^
J ti,« nu2g' n 3’„ _„ 1] nd 1 ,«
the sides of the latter, for holding the P. u ®?** e ^f s ° uI> j s , tl ,esubstance that will prevent the transml f sl0 „ n ., n d'b oil J ’re* u ,The narrower the oun ^ t j
the 90 u . n “ h t h‘ ck ’of an
one story to another,better. The fillets, on whichmay be about three - quarters