‘'Mb,
TIM
491
TOM 1
Ere,
ers > but are well fitted for flooring, where there is no
'vear, they do not take fire readily.
„ colour is of a yellowish or brownish white, one side‘he annual rings being a little darker than the other. The°?d i s 0 f a un if 0 rni texture, and has no large septa.
«ed or yellow fir is the produce of the Scotch fir, and is• Mrnon in the north of Europe, in Scotland, Bussia, Denmark ,
Norway, and Lapland . It is very durable ; and itsfor u 6SS anc ‘ 9t 'ff ness render it superior to any other material
beams, girders, joists, rafters, and framing in general. Itt«r S ° mue ' 1 U3e d for joiners’ work, both external and in-jJ la l> being cheaper and more readily worked than oak.^ e wood from cold climates is stronger than that froms^l'Mer situations. The colour is of a reddish or honey-^ , 0vv > and of various degrees of brightness ; the layers areMb rilar hed, the one part being soft and light-coloured, the''ot^ ^ ar< ^ ant ^ *^ ar ^ : ’ n t * ie ^ est t ' m ber the rings are thin,
1 More than ^th of an inch in thickness. The inferior kindsfnJ 5 annual rings ; in some kinds the dark parts of the
8re a boney-yellow, the wood, heavy, and filled with°tb r ® s * nous matter, feels clammy, and chokes the saw. In* n ^ er ' or binds it is spongy, contains less resinous matter,leaves a woolly surface after the saw.
Shfkite fir, or deal, is the produce of different varieties offt(i 6 an( l is imported from the north of Europe , andPoj America. Of Norway spruce, a great quantity is im-bioki ‘ 10m Christiana in deals and planks, which are very‘bat ■ esteeme d- The American wood is not so resinous asfrom Norway ; it is tougher, less heavy, and generallyb] a ® liable to twist in drying. It is of two kinds, white and, spruce, the latter producing the best wood. Whiteif,. 18 very durable in a dry state, and is much used forij, "al joiners’ work.
of ^e colour is yellowish or brownish white ; the hard partbe annual ring, a darker shade of the same colour, oftenfro a silky lustre, especially in the American and British -OuJ^b kinds. Each annual ring consists of two parts, thelizard and the other softer. The knots are generally very’ The clear and straight-grained kinds are often tough,Pf 0 b°f very difficult to work, and stand extremely well whenJ|® 1 'ly seasoned.
. Weymouth, or white pine, is a native of North
2 f r,c a, and is imported in large logs, often more thanlt 0 square, and 30 in length : it is one of the largest andtoff Us eful of the American pines. The wood is light andkin’ an< l is said to stand the weather tolerably well. InCl^ r y it is much used for mouldings and other work, whereW, 8trai ght-grained wood is desirable; but it is not
, le > nor fit for large timbers, being very liable to take| ti 0re r 3 r 't'ot. The colour is brownish yellow, and the texture8 Nearly uniform than that of any other of the pinev,. > and the annual rings not very distinct.
He
&
pitch pine is a native of Canada . It is very resinousy. j V y.’ but not very durable: it is also brittle when very
pine,
feels
'‘Mkv 1 13 °‘ a re( i ( i er colour than the Scotch>j,y> and is difficult to plane.
Su e Silver fir is a native of the mountains of Siberia , Ger-Vij a r n d Switzerland, and is common in British planta-\ t j‘ The wood is of a good quality, and much used on thee bf both for carpentry and ship-building. The harderare of a yellow colour, compact and resinous ; the softerSer White - It is light and stiff", and does not bend muchb t 6lll a oonsiderahle load ; consequently floors constructed ofOf a ‘b Permanently level. It is subject to worm.
Vq ,tile larch there are three species ; one European andiitihj bicrican. The wood—extremely durable in all situa-’ ® v en when exposed to damp and bad weather—is adapted
for both internal and external work, and especially for floor-ing boards, which are subject to much wear; also for doors,shutters, &c.
The wood of the European larch is generally of a honey-yellow colour, the hard part of the annual rings of a reddercast; sometimes it is brownish white. In common with theother species of pine, each annual ring consists of a hard andsoft part. It generally has a silky lustre, and its colour isbrowner than that of the Scotch pine, and it is much tougher.It is more difficult to work than Eiga or Memel timber, butthe surface is better when once it is attained. It hears driv-ing bolts and nails better than any other kind of resinouswoods. When it has become perfectly dry it stands well,but warps much in seasoning.
The following table, showing the comparative strength,stiffness, and toughness of various woods, taking English oakat 100 as a standard, is compiled from Tredgold, from whosework the above observations are principally extracted:—
Strength.
Toughness.
100
100
100
Riga Oak .
108
93
125
American Oak .
86
114
64
Dantzic Oak.
107
117
99
Beech.
103
77
138
Alder.
80
63
101
Plane Tree.
92
78
106
Sycamore .
81
59
11',
Green Chesnut.
08
54
85
Ash.
119
89
160
Elm .
82
78
86
Unseasoned Acacia .
95
98
92
67
73
61
Honduras Mahogany .
96
93
99
Walnut .
74
49
111
Teak .
109
126
94
Abele Poplar.
86
66
112
Lombardy Poplar.
50
44
57
Cedar.
62
28
137
Foreign Fir .
80
114
56
Mar forest Fir.
61
49
70
60
56
65
Christiana Deal.
104
104
104
American White Spruce .
86
72
102
British -grown Norway Spruce ...
70
81
60
Weymouth Pine .
95
99
103
Pitch Pine.
3
82
92
Larch.
103
79
134
For further information on this head, see Strength ofMaterials .
Timber Bridge. See Wooden Bridge .
Timber Measure, 43 solid feet make a ton of timber, and50 feet a load.
Timber Partitions, are board and brace, or quarter orstud partitions. Board and brace partitions are made of nar-row boards, or battens, with a thin board between every twobattens inserted into their edges : the batten is about half thewidth of a board.
TIN, a very useful metal, found principally in Cornwall .It is of a silvery-white colour, with a very slight shade ofyellow ; it is very soft and malleable.
TING, a Chinese temple. See Chinese Architecture.
TINNING. The process of covering other metals with tinfor the purpose of preventing rust or oxydation. The prac-tice was very commonly adopted in medimval metal-work.
TOMB. The custom of interring the dead seems to bemore ancient than that of burning, and in many countries we