TOM

493

TON

Planking-tiles covered with mortar and sand, in which.as set tesselated work, supposed to have formed the floor-ing a tem Pl e -” I n the year 1807, a Roman vault contain-a sarcophagus, was discovered in the suburbs of York.U . sarcophagus, which contained a skeleton, was cut out ofsingle grit-stone, and covered with a blue flagstone ; itsg agth was 7 feet; breadth 3 feet 2 inches ; depth 1 foot.'Aches ; thickness 4 inches, Near the vault, an urn of redi a y was discovered, containing ashes and fragments ofAt bones. Stone coffins of a similar character, containingn ®3 accompanied by urns, &c., have frequently been dis-ced. Coffins of brick also occur.

>o K 6 tumu h> not unfrequently discovered in this island, areSv'a attributed for the most part to the Britons, as is often1 fenced by the weapons, &c. found within them. Thetg X °As, however, it is probable, still continued the practice,not for a very long period; their barrows are distin-gar 6< ^ ^ rom t ^ le British by being devoid of any remains of1 ) ..atCAts, &c. ; they are found in clusters, and are of theshaped form. Those with cistvaens, urns, cups, beads,v ?P°ns in wooden scabbards, bosses of shields, &c. are

f'fsh. The cistvaens, just mentioned, consist of three ort 0 stones placed edgeways, and covered by another at thefC' Several Saxon barrows are still to be seen in Lowerbe ° n y' The custom of interring the body commenced to^practised by the Saxons , in all probability, upon theiro f Ver sion to Christianity : their coffins were either of woodiiig St0ne .. the latter being reserved for persons of wealth andt 0 Uen ce ; they were at first made of several stones, set®'Hi'l one a t the bottom, and one for a cover at the top,(of lar to the British cistvaens, but they were afterwardsCov ^ a single stone, hollowed out, with a slab for ain t er ‘ In the earlier periods, the bodies of all persons were^ * n t ' le cemetery which surrounded the church, but• s nort time, persons of rank, and ecclesiastics, began to be

within the church ; and, in such cases, the top of the

'W' ? as g enera lly level with the pavement, of which, in-

> it formed a part.

j , ter a time, the tombs began to assume a different form,be

le came gradually of a more costly and imposing cha-From the plain stone chest we come to that with acovering; and then we find the lid sculptured with someI if e ^ e At, most frequently with a cross, plain or floriated.\ > ' Ve arrive at the raised tomb, which became more andh(.g 0r Aamented ; and at last we have them covered with^lin Catlo pies, and embellished with the most minute andCa tlipa carving. • Some tombs in our larger churches andstill exist as specimens of the most elaborate work-top our anc ' ent artificers. Stone tablets, inlaid with

'ti„ r ’ Were common for many years ; the brasses which werere P resentec l tl le deceased in his usual costume,"Aes surrounded with a canopied niche, also of engravedVn Ss ’ Id into the slab, and usually having a border of inlaidlV°Und B'e edge of the slab, containing an inscription! "hipf ® to the title of the deceased. Floriated crosses, and!\j, f^® urea > were frequently inlaid in a similar manner;

CAsionally, the brasses were enriched with coloured|\f e h‘ Remains of brasses are very common, few oldj b Uf . es being without them.

rq _'“g the whole of this period, burials in the church-F e still common, tombs within the church being re-r ! , 01 ' the great and noble. The church-yard stones

of

‘o r

course, of a more simple description, being either of

g, stone, and most usually in the form of a cross, vary-yAf( er ev er, greatly in design and outline.f l .be Reformation, sepulchral monuments, together

!L V,

ar ch

'tecture, began to decline in taste and execution :6 ir

in design, they follow the prevailing style of architecture ;and we find Italian details gradually introduced. Effigieswere common ; and it is not uncommon to find, during theStuart period, effigies of an entire family on one tomb.Brasses were still prevalent, though of less beautiful designand workmanship. After this, the Italian , or rather Eliza-bethan style, was thrown aside, and we find groups of sculp-ture, of classic design, more or less successful, some of veryextensive dimensions; in fact, at one time, size seems to havebeen the principal recommendation, as will be evident to anyone visiting our cathedrals, where he cannot but lament theintroduction of huge monstrosities, equally vicious in designand execution ; and for the sake of these, too, he will seewindows and arches blocked up, delicate workmanship de-faced, and the whole effect of a grand design marred, if notdestroyed. The ill taste displayed in the designs, and themonstrous adulation portrayed in the inscriptions of themonuments of the last century and a half, is enough to shockthe feelings of any man who pretends to modesty or commonsense. We are glad to see a better taste reviving in thepresent day.

Mr. Gough has classified the tombs of this country undereight different heads as follows:—

1st Form.—Coffin-shaped stone, prismatic and plain atthe top.

2nd Form.—Prismatic and carved at the top, with crossesplain and fleury, as that of Theobald, Archbishop of Canter-bury, in 1160, and that of Bishop Glanville, near the altarin Rochester Cathedral.

3rd Form.—Tables with effigies or sculpture, as that ofRobert, Duke of Normandy, in Gloucester Cathedral , witheffigy cross-legged, in a coat of mail, a.d. 1134 ; King John ,in Worcester Cathedral, 1213 ; Prelates in pontifical habits,first in half-relief, afterwards complete effigies, as HerbertWalter, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1205 ; Knights andnobles in armour, &c., asLongspee, Earl of Salisbury, 1226.

4th Form.—Tombs with festoons or arches over them, asthose of Henry III., Edward I., Queen Eleanor, Edward theBlack Prince, Henry IV. , &c. This class was succeededby more lofty tombs, with arches, crochets, pinnacles,finials, &c.

5th Form.—Tombs in chapel burial - places, consistingmostly of open screens, with doors, altar, monuments, pis-cinas, niches, &c., several of which are seen in the cathedralsof Wells, Salisbury, Exeter, &c.

6th Form—Inlaid with brass, representing figures of thedeceased, and inscriptions either in cameo or intaglio. Theseare mostly of the 14th century. Many fine specimens areengraved and published by Cotman.

7th Form.—Against walls, which chiefly occur since theReformation.

8th Form.—Detached buildings, as domes, obelisks, co-lumns, and equestrian statues.

TONDINO, a round moulding, representing a ring. SeeTorus .

TONGUE, (from the Saxon tung ,) a projecting part onthe edge of a board, to be inserted in a groove ploughed inthe edge of another. Instead of a tongue wrought out of theedge of the solid board, sometimes both the edges to be joinedare ploughed, and a tongue is made equal to the sum of thedepths of both grooves, and being inserted into one of them,they are then driven home to each other. It is very difficultto glue two edges that are grooved and tongued together,unless the tongue be made very slack, on account of thedifficulty of rubbing them. Work that is tongued shouldnot be fastened with glue ; white-lead and oil should be usedin preference.