TOW
495
TEA
Tools, Plumbers’. See Plumber.
Tools, Slaters'. See Slating.
Tools, Tilers ’, are : 1. The lathing hammer, with two^ at, J?e marks ; one mark is placed at 7 inches, the otherat This tool is used both for lathing and tiling.
,, 2. The lathing staff, of iron, in the form of a cross, to staycross laths, and clinch the nails.
3. The tiling trowel, to take up the mortar and lay it one tiles. It differs from the brick trowel in being longera< t narrower.
T. The bosse, made of wood, with an iron hook to hang one laths, or on a ladder for holding the mortar and tiles.
The striker, a piece of lath about ten inches long, for, Parating and taking away the superfluous mortar at there cches of the tiles.
In The broom, to sweep the tiling after it is strook.
^ t OOTH, the iron or steel point in a gauge, which marks0 j. e stuff in its passage, or draws a line parallel to the arrispiece of wood.
. ~°Oth Ornament, a sculptured ornament common ind characteristic of buildings of the Early English style ofI °hitecture. It consists of a sculptured flower of fouri Ve s, disposed in a pyramidal form ; the centre where theis Ves j° in > projecting above the general surface, to which it- a Pplied as a decoration. It is commonly inserted in hollowj ti "filings, disposed either at intervals, or more frequently,i ®l°se proximity one to the other. Its origin is naturally. 'red from the junction of two Norman zig-zag mouldingse ® f 'ng at an arris. See Dog-tooth Moulding.
OP-BEAM, the collar-beam of a truss : it has also beenled wind - beam, or strut - beam. Collar- beam is nowh era lly used, the other names being either antiquated ortouch employed. See Collar-Beam.
Rah., the uppermost rail of a piece of framing, or'Oscoting, as its name imports.
dORSEL^ or Torsil, (from the French , torse,) a piece oft 0 °" laid into a wall, for the end of a timber, or beam,'rru ° n- ^ ee Tassels.
Cjj*
(L-pllar section, used in the bases of columns. The only(;re nce between an astragal and a torus is in size, thebeing small, and the torus large.
-tonus F0H A Bulwark, a large semicircular moulding,e " in the base of a fortified edifice.
me Uci&c in a lux uucu
OWER, a building of great height
lt s ■~ ’»JLit, a Duuaing ot great neignt in proportion tol a horizontal dimensions, usually forming an adjunct to ao r v r building, and employed as a belfry, stronghold, watch,<1 Q (;a con. Amongst the Eomans, structures of this kindh°t seem to have been very numerous ; and whenforayed, they were not very lofty : they were of variousS- In the castles of the feudal ages, towers were very\v it}i Ssar y; the keep usually consisted of a large square tower,duller ones at the angles, which were generally elevatedcir„ ® the central one. Sometimes, however, the keep is;i1 8q la L and occasionally of irregular forms. Towers aret '0n 8 <:Omnon a<; the entrances of other positions in fortifica-th; s ) Churches are seldom found without an addition ofto
ty^ a ture, either with or without a pyramidal spire. Church•ti 0a a ai 'e occasionally detached from the main building, butUn<j rec luently adjoining; they are of various forms, designs,>ti e J )r °Portions, and are found in every position, except at
end of the chancel. Cathedrals and larger churchesa U^ ent 'y have more than one tower, the most usual6r being three, one at the intersection of nave andat ‘h two others at the west end; sometimes the tran-U lUtf are flanked with towers, as at Exeter. Smalleres have only one tower, which is variously situated,
but as a rule, at the west end of the nave, or in cruciformchurches, at the intersection. See Castle, Church, Cathe-dral, Gothic Architecture, and Eound Tower.
TOWN , (from the Saxon, tun,) a collection of houses,walled round about for the defence of its inhabitants.
During the feudal system, when many inhabitants livedtogether, a wall surrounding their habitations was necessary ;and now, though this system is abolished, and the surround-ing walls have either gone to ruin, or have been taken downto extend the boundaries for habitation, the collection ofhouses still retains the name of town.
Town-Hall, a public hall in which the business of a townis transacted. It answers in some respects to the ancientbasilica.
TRABS, (from the Latin trabs, a beam,) in ancient car-pentry, those beams which are now called wall-plates, orrising-plates, for supporting the rafters.
TRACERY . That kind of pattern traced in the head ofa Gothic window or panel by the divergence and intersectionof the mullions.
The origin of this kind of work is to be observed in theworks of the close of the 12th century, from which period itwas gradually developed into its more perfect form. At avery early period it became customary to enclose two smallarches within one larger one ; and when this form came tobe applied to windows, it must naturally have been observedthat the tympanum, or blank space, contained between thelarger arch and the heads of the smaller ones offered a veryfavourable opportunity for increasing the lighting area byperforating it either wholly or partially : in fact, it appearedto form part of the window; and the idea of making it reallyso must readily have occurred to many persons ; as a blankspace, it is heavy, and rather offensive to the eye.
The first advance towards the development of tracery thenoccurred in this way; the tympanum was relieved by beingpierced with an aperture in the form of a circle, quatrefoil,or some other simple figure, and sometimes the spandrelswere treated in a similar manner. To this method of per-foration the name of plate-tracery has been applied, whilethat in which the sides of the adjacent openings are alwaysparallel, so that the patterns of the openings appear to heformed by the intersection of bars, is termed jar-tracery.This latter form arose, naturally enough, from the former, bythe multiplication of the piercings, or apertures, till at lastthe plate disappeared, save what was just sufficient to sepa-rate the openings. Sometimes we find bar and plate traceryin the same window, which shows one stage in the develop-ment of the former.
At first, the bar-tracery was disposed in simple geometricalpatterns, to which the name of geometrical- tracery has beengiven. This term, however, is scarcely appropriate, as alltracery is described geometrically, although not composed ofthe more common or regular geometrical figures, such ascircles, squares, triangles, &c., of which the so-called geome-trical-tracery was mostly composed. The flowing-tracery isdesigned with greater freedom, and curve-lines of variablecurvature are made to flow gracefully one into the other,branching off in various directions, and forming, in theirprogress, an infinite variety of patterns, the apertures soproduced being, for the most part, in the shape of a leaf.Regular geometrical figures are sometimes found combinedwith the last system. As we near the Perpendicular period,the curves gradually become straight, the bars assume avertical position, and are at last divided horizontally bytransoms.
In all the above instances, the practice of cusping thevarious figures is very common, such ornamentation being