young’s travels in TRANCE. 591

a different thing, and always means clover, or a flate of reft, without any tillage. Thatgentleman’s expreffion pleafed me much,— La jaehere e una fciocca pratica in agricoltnra.The two great points on which the belt agriculture of the Venetian flare turns, aremaize on clover, and wheat on beans. All thefe plants are equally neceflary upon afarm; and there is a peculiarity in clover as a preparation for n*aize, and equally inbeans as preparatory for wheat.

Bologna. —In a very rich field near this city, which I viewed, the courfe has been, in1787, wheat, which produced one hundred corbi, or twenty times the feed. In 1788,hemp, five thoufand pounds. In 1789, it is now wheat, and perfectly clean. Thiscourfe of—1. hemp ; 2. wheat, is perhaps the moft profitable in the world, and bringsto mind the noble vale of the Garonne , under the fame management. If land will dofor hemp they never fallow, but have fome fields in the courfe,—1. fallow ; 2. wheat,which ought to be confidered as a difgrace to Lombardy, i. Maize ; 2. wheat, is acourfe not uncommon. On the fallowed lands they fow bSins, provided they havedung. Very little clover, preferring fenugreek* which is fucceeded by wheat. Vetchesthey fow in autumn, and beans alfo, both for a crop, and alfo to plough in, in thefpring, as a manure for hemp. With equal quantities of manure, beans give better wheatthan hemp. Beans on Sig. Bignami’s farm are now (November) fix inches high onthe tops of narrow ridges, but none in the furrows ; thefe are for a crop, and infinitelytoo thick, I fhould apprehend. Lupines alfo for ploughing in.

Tuscany. — In the Valdarno di Sura, Colini, Sienifi, Pifani, Volterrana, they fallow,and their courfe is,— 1. fallow; 2. wheat. After travelling fo long in Lombardy with-out a fallow, it hurt me to find them common here. Clover is ufually made a prepara-tion for maize in moft parts of this country ; and beans, where Town, are reckoned theheft for wheat. At Martelli, See the courfe is,— j. beans, French beans, or maize;2. wheat; 3. wheat; 4. wheat and rye, and no after-crop. In the Valdichiana, thefollowing courfe, I am informed, is purfued,—1. maize and French beans ; 2. wheat,and nothing after it; 3. wheat and then raves, and, in fome places, clover added.At Villamagna, the courfe is,— 1. blade, vetches, beans, &c. ; 2. wheat; 3. wheat;4. wheat. The firlt wheat produces nine or ten times the feed, if after beans; the fecondfix or feven; the third three or four: a degradation that ought to explain fully theabfurdity of fuch a fyftem. In fome diftridls the following is the courfe ; — firft year;biadi, viz. beans, peafe, chick-peafe, French beans, tares, lentils, oats, maize, the greatmillet, fmall millet, panic in part clover, and oats, and, aft^r cutting for forage, ploughfor fome of the above. Second year, upon the land thus prepared, wheat is fown, calledgrojfo and arijlata mucked ; or with half grojfo and half gentili (white wheat). Third,year gentili wheat.

Modena. —The bad farmers in the Modenefe are fallowifts, and their courfe is,—1. fallow, ploughed firft in May or June, in Auguft the fecond time, and the third inO&ober, for fowing, 2. wheat. But the better farms fubftitute beans, French beans,,vetches, fpelt, maize, particularly the laft inftead of a fallow. Upon foils that are verygood, and manured, they have an execrable cuftom of taking three crops of wheat infuccefiion ; fometimes throwing in clover with the wheat, which is plowed up in Junefor wheat again. When beans are fown in autumn and ftand thefroft, they yield muchmore than fpring fown.

The hufbandry praftifed by Sig. Bertolini, which is the beft of the country is,—.1. beans, fown in Odtober, and harvefted in May: then French beans, or formen-toni, for forage, or thick-peafe, or lentils; 2. wheat, the ftubble ploughed thrice for,

3. wheat;