ART
2,53
ART
than the prophets. They seem to have been what are now calledUnitarians.
ARTERIA Venosa, a name given by the ancients to thepulmonary vein.
ARTERIES. See Anatomy.
ART la RIOS A Vena, or ARTERIAL Vein, a denomi-nation given to the pulmonary artery.
ARTERIOSUS Canai.is, a tube in the heart of the foetus,which, with the foramen ovale, serves to maintain the circulationof the blood, and to divert it from the lungs.
ARTERIOTOMY, [from <*s7>j.-ia, and ct/Ava, to cut,] theoperation of letting blood from the artery : a practice much in useamong the French . Sec Surgery.
ARTERY, [tirteria, Lat.] an artery is a conical canal, con-veying the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Eachartery is composed of three coats; of which the first seems to bea thread of line blood-vessels and nerves, for nourishing the coatsof tlie artery ; the second is made up of circular, or rather spiralfibres, of which there are more or fewer strata, according to thebigness of the artery. These fibres have a strong elasticity, bywhich they contract themselves with some force, when the powerby which they' have been stretched out ceases. The third and in-most coat is a tine transparent membrane, which keeps the bloodwithin its canal, that otherwise, upon the dilatation of an artery',would easily separate the spiral libres from one another. As thearteries grow smaller, these coats grow thinner, and the coats ofthe veins seem only to he continuations of tiie capillary arteries,—See Anatomy.
ARTIlANITA, in botany. See Cyclamen.
ARTI1EL, in law, something cast into a court, in Wales , orits marches ; whereby the court was letted or discontinued for thetime. The casting of artliel is prohibited, ah. Hen . VIII.cap. 6.
ARTHRITIS , from.aj'bon, a joint,] any distemper
that affects the joints, but the gout particularly. See Medi-cine.
ARTHRODIA, in anatomy, a species of articulation, where-in the Hat head of one hone is received into a shallow socket inthe oilier. The humerus and scapula are joined by this species ofarticulation. See Anatomy.
ARTHROSIS, [from to join,] in anatomy, a juncture
of two bones, designed for motion ; called also articulation.
ARTHUR, the celebrated hero of the Britons, son ofUtlier Peudragon, king of the Britons, by the wife of the dukeof Cornwall . He succeeded Utlier in 516, and was immediatelyengaged in a war with the Saxon ;, in which lie was completelysuccessful: he next turned his arms against the Scots and Piets",in which he was also victorious. It is moreover said, that lie con-quered Ireland and the western isles of Scotland ; and that aftera series of warlike exploits, lie passed the remainder of his daysin peace, governing the kingdom with great wisdom and modera-tion. He instituted the military order of the knights of theroundtable, and settled Christianity at York iu-the room of Pa-ganism . Many' fabulous and absurd exploits are attributed tothis prince.
Arthur’s Oven, an ancient ruin in Stirlingshire, near theCarron Works, called by Buchanan Templum Termini.
Arthur’s Seat, a high hill in the neighbourhood of Edin-burgh , so denominated from a tradition that king Arthur surveyedthe country from its summit, and had also defeated the Saxons in
its neighbourhood.
ARTICHOKE , [ artlclumlt , Er.] this plant is very like the this-tle, but lias large scaly heads shaped like the cone of the pine-tree ; the boltomof each scale, as also at the bottom of the florets,is a (hick ileshy, eatable substance.
Artichoke, in botany. SeeCiXARA.
Artichoke of Jerusalem, a species of the sun-dower.
ARTICLE, Articulus, in anatomy, a joint, or juncture, oftwo or more hones of the body.
Article, in grammar, denotes a particle teed in most lan-guages for denoting the several cases anil genders of nouns. Theuse of articles arises chietly hence, that in languages which haveno different terminations, to express the different states and cir-cumstances of nouns, there is something required to supply thatoffice. The Latins are thought to have no articles: the Greeks* VOL. i.— no. 16. 0
—— a.
have o, *i, ro; the Hebrews ft; the Arabs a! ; the Palians, il, lo,and la ; the French te, la, an, andwne; and the Germans theirderi and ein. The English have two articles, a, andl/ic; which,being prefixed to substantives, apply their general signification tosome particular things ; a becomes an, when used before a vowelor silent It. Some grammarians make the article a distinct part ofspeech; others will have it a pronoun, and others a noun adjective.Articles are of great service in a language, as they contribute tothe more neat and precise mode of expressing several propertiesand relations, which must otherwise be lost. And hence one greatadvantage of such languages over the Latin , in that the articlebeing either expressed or left out, makes an alteration in the sense,which the Latins cannot distinguish. For more particular infor-mation on this subject we refer to the learned Mr. Tooke’s Diver-sions of Purley. See. also Grammar , in this Dictionarv.
Article, in literary composition, a small part or division of adiscourse, hook, or writing, &c.
Article of Death , the last pangs or agony of one justexpiring.
xIrticle op Faith, a point of Christian doctrine, which weare to believe, as having been revealed by God himself, and al-lowed and established as such by the church. The thirty-nine ar-ticles were founded, for the. most part, upon a body of articlescompiled and published in the reign of Edward VI . They werefirst passed in the convocation, and confirmed by royal authorityin 1562. Thev were afterwards rati lied anew m the year 157i\and again by Charles I . The law requires a subscription to thesearticles of all persons ordained to be deacons or priests, 13 Eliz.cap. 12. of all clergymen inducted to any ecclesiastical living, hvthe same statute, and of licensed lecturers and curates, 13. Ei.cap. 12. and 13. and 14. Cli. 2. cap. 4. of the heads of colleges,of chancellors, officials and commissaries, and of school-masters.By 1 Will. 3. cap. 18. dissenting teachers are to subscribe all, exceptthe 34tli, 35th, and 36th, and part of the 20th, (and in the case ofAnabaptists , except also part of the 27th;) otherwise thev areexempted from the benefits of the acts of toleration.
Articles of the Clergy, Articuli Ci.eri, are certain sta-tutes touching persons and causes ecclesiastical, made under Ed-ward 11. and III.
.Articles of War, are known regulations for the governmentof the army in this empire. They may be altered at the pleasureof the sovereign ; and in certain cases they extend to civilians :as when by proclamation any place shall he put under martiallaw, or when the people follow a camp or army for the sale ofmerchandize, or serve in any menial capacity. It is ordained thatthe articles of war shall be, read in the circle of each regiment be-longing to the British army every month, or oflener if thoughtproper. A.soldier is not liable to he tried by a military tribunalunless the articles of war have been read to him.
ARTICULAR , [ardcularift, Lai.] belonging to the joints, fnmedicine, an epithet applied to a disease, which more immediatelvinfests the joints. 'Elms the gout is called morbus articularis.
ARTICULARIS Morbus, the gout.
Articularis Nervus. See -Anatomy.
ARTICULATE, [from articulus, Lat.] distinct; divided,as the parts of a limb are divided by joints; not continued in onetone, as articulate sounds; that is, sounds varied and changed atproper pauses, in opposition to the voice of animals, which admitno such variety. An articulate pronunciation, a maimer of speak-ing clearly aud distinctly, in which one sound is not confoundedwith another.
Articulate Sounds, are such as express the letters, sylla-bles, or words, of an alphabet or language : such are formed by-Re human voice, and by some few birds, as parrots, Kc. i
ARTICULxATED Libel, [libfllus urticulutus,] that wherein-the parts of a fact are set forth to the judge in distinct articles,
ARTICULATION, in anatomy, denotes the juncture of twohones intended for motion. Articulation is of two kinds: the firstis called diarthrosis, being that which has a manifest motion : thesecond which admits only of an obscure motion is called synar-throsis. See .Anatomy.
Articulation, in botany, jointed, as the culm or stalk ofreeds, corn, &c. It is also said of pods, like those of the hedv-rarum or 1‘rciich honeysuckle, which when ripe divide into somany parts or joints,
LI Articulation,