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> Articulation, in music, applies equally to vocal and to instru-mental performances, to wonts and to notes; and includes thatdistinctness and accuracy of expression, which gives every syl-lable and sound with truth and perspicuity, and forms the founda-tions of pathos and grace.

Articulation, in grammar, a distinct pronunciation in wordsand syllables.

ARTIFICER, [ artifer , Lat.] an artist; a manufacturer; oneby whom anv tiling is made.

'ARTIFICERS, among the Romans, had their peculiar tem-ples, where thev assembled and chose their own patron, or advo-cate, to defend their causes; they were exempted from all per-sonal services. Taruntenus Paternus reckons 32 species of arti-ficers, and Constantine 35, who enjoyed this privilege. The arti-ficers were incorporated into divers colleges or companies, each ofwhich had their tutelar gods, whom they worshipped. Several ofthese, when they (putted their profession, hung up their tools, avotive offering to their gods. By the English laws, artificers inwool, iron, steel, brass, or other metal, going out of the kingdominto any foreign country without licence, are to be imprisonedthree months, and fined in a sum not exceeding 100/. And suchas go abroad, and do not return on warning given by our ambas-sadors, &c. shall he disabled from holding lands by descent or de-vise, from receiving any legacy, &c. and be deemed aliens, Stat.5. Geo. I. cap., 27. By 23 Geo. II. cap. 13. §. 1. Penalty isalso inflicted on seducing artificers to go abroad.

Artificial Arguments, in rhetoric, are proofs on considera-tions which arise from the genius, industry, or invention, of theorator; which are thus called, to distinguish them from laws, au-thorities, citations, and the like, which are said to be inartificial ar-guments.

Artificial Day, the time between the sun’s rising and set-ting, in any position of the sphere.

Artificial Fire-works, are compositions of inflammable ma-terials, chiefly used oil public occasions, by way of rejoicing.—See Pyrotechny . ,

Artificial Lightning. See Electricity and Light-king. 1

Artificial Lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so contrivedas to represent the logarithmic sines'and tangents; which, by thyhelp of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness,questions in trigonometry, navigation, &c.

Artificial Magnets. See Magnets.

Artificial Music, that which is according to the rules ofart; or executed bv instruments invented by art. It is also used,in another sense, for some artful contrivance in music ; as whena piece is sung in two parts; one whereof is by B molle, or flat,and the other bv B sharp.

Artificial Numbers, are the same with logarithms.

ART ILLERY, [ artilierie , Fr.] in its general sense, denotes,

1. The offensive apparatus of war, particularly of the missile kind.

2. In its modem use it signifies cannon, mortars, howitzers, andother large pieces for discharging balls and shells by the expansiveforce of inflamed gunpowder, as used in the land-service. 3. Ina more extensive meaning, it includes the powder, matches, uten-sils of ordnance, with every thing necessary to them, and all thatenters into a train of artillery. 4. In a sense still more extensive,the word likewise comprehends the men destined for the serviceof the artillery ; the people who provide the artillery with mate-rials and implements when engaged, the cannoniers, the bombar-diers, the officers of every rank, and engineers of every kind.By the term artillery is likewise understood the science which theofficers of artillery ought to possess. This science teaches thenature of all the materials and ingredients which enter into the com-position and the structure of every thing relative to the artillery,such as nitre, sulphur, charcoal; the properties of air and fire ;the.composition and preparation of gun-powder; (he materials forfire-works; the construction, proportions, &c. for the differentwarlike machines; the arrangement, movement, and whole ma-nagement, of cannon, Ac. in the field or in sieges, in such amanner, that each of them, according to the length of its tubeand the diameter of its bore, may he situated in the best place,and at the properest distance, for execution, and that the wholetrain taken together may reciprocally assist and support each otherwith the greatest advantage. Artillery has undergone manychanges from its origin to the present time. The artillery of the

ancients were the calapulta, the balistie, the different kinds ofslings, &c. In latter ages, the Franks used the hatchet as a missileweapon, throwing it in the same manner as the Americans do thetomahawk. The Gascons and Genoese were excellent cross bow-men. The Swiss owed their victories to their strength and skill inthe use of the pike, halberd, and espadon, or two-handed sword ;and the victories of dressy', Poictiers, and Agincourt , will occasionthe valour and skill of the English archers to be transmitted downto the latest posterity. The invention of cannon by little and lit-tle, has changed the whole art of war, and of consequence, thewhole system of policy in Europe . 1 he atra of modern artilleryis dated from the battle of Cressy in 1346, because it is only fromthat day tint cannons are mentioned in battle. After the inven-tion of gun-powder, the Spaniards were the first who armed partof their foot with muskets and harquebusses, and mixed them withthe pikes. In this they were soon imitated by most other nations ;though the English bad not entirely laid aside their favourite wea-pon the long bow, and generally taken to the use of fire-arms,during the reign of queen Elizabeth. The first muskets werevery heavy, and could not he fired without a rest: they hadmatchlocks, and barrels of a wide bore; that carried a large balland charge of powder, and did execution at a great distance.—The musketeers on a march carried only their rests and ammuni-tion, and had hoys to bear their muskets after them, for whichthey were allowed great additional pay. They were very slow inloading, not only by reason of the unwieldiness of the piece-, andbecause they carried the powder aud balls separate, but from thetime it took to adjust and prepare the match. Afterwards a lighterkind of matchlock musket came into use ; and they carried theirammunition in bandoliers, which were broad belts that came overthe shoulder, to which were hung several little cases of wood, co-vered with leather, each containing a charge of powder ; the balls'they carried loose in a pouch, and they had also a priming hornhanging by their side. About the beginning of the last century, thetroops were armed with firelocks ; to which the bayonet beingadded, pikes were laid aside; which latter change, whether it wasfor the better or not, is a point that still admits of dispute amongthe'best military writers, who are divided in their opinions aboutit, though most of them disapprove of it. The firelock is so called,from producing fire of itself, by the action of the flint and steel.The length and diameter of cannon has been much diminished,which must likewise proportionablv diminish their weight. It isby long practice and experience, that they have discovered howmuch might be deducted from their magnitude in both respectswith propriety, without hurting the grand effects which, on someoccasions, it is necessary they should produce, by rendering themmore easy to be wielded, which was the advantage pursued bylessening their size. See Cannon , Gunnery, and Projectiles.—Improvements, however, are still making, and will probablylong continue to be made, in these machines, which, though theyseem to be invented for the destruction of the human race, andthe subversion of empires, have yet by their effects rendered warless savage and less sanguinary : political alliances have been moresuccessfully conciliated among all nations, conquests, till lately,wereless frequent, and less rapid, and successes in war have been moreeasily reduced to calculation. For the form, dimension, kinds,&c. of cannon, see Gunnery, Cannon, Mortar, Howitzers ,and Projectiles.

Artillery Company, a band of infantry, consisting of 600men, making part of the militia or city guard of London .

Artillery Guard, is a detachment from the army, to securethe artillery. This corps is in the front, and the centries areround the park. Cpon a march, they go in the front and rear ofthe artillery, and must be sure to leave nothing behind. If a gunor waggon breakdown, the captain is to leave a part of his guard,to assist the gunners and matrosses in getting it up again.

Artillery Park, the place in the rear of both lines in the army,for encamping the artillery, which is drawn up iu lines, of whichone is formed by the guns ; the ammunition waggons make two orthree lines, 60 paces behind the guns, and 30 distant from oneanother: the pontoons and tumbrils make the last line. Thewhole is surrounded with a rope which forms the park ; the gun-ners and matrosses encamp on the flanks; and the bombardiers,pontoon-men, and artificers, in the rear.

Artillery Train, a certain number of pieces of ordnancemounted on carriages, with all their furniture fit for marching.

ARTISCTS,