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A fine face, for example, raiseth in me a pleasant feeling: if thatfeeling vanish without producing any effect, it is in proper lan-guage an emotion; but if the feeling, by reiterated views of theobject, becomes sufficiently strong to occasion desire, it loses itsname of emotion, and acquires that of passion. The same holdsin all the other passions. The painful feeling raised in a spectator bya slight injury done to a stranger, being accompanied with no de-sire of revenge, is termed an emotion ; but that injury raiseth inthe stranger a stronger emotion, which being accompanied withdesire of revenge, is a passion. External expressions of distressproduce in the spectator a painful feeling, which being sometimesso slight as to pass away without any effect, is an emotion ; but ifthe feeling is so strong as to prompt desire of affording relief, it isa passion, and is termed pity. Envy is emulation in excess: ifthe exaltation of a competitor he barely disagreeable, the painfulfeeling is an emotion ; if it produce desire to depress him, it is apassion.” See Passion,

EMOUI, EMOUY, or 1I1A-MEN, an island and port ofChina , under the jurisdiction of the province of Fo-kien.

EMPALEMENT, [from in and pains, Lat. a stake,] an an-cient barbarous punishment, which consisted in thrusting a stakeup the fundament. It is mentioned by Juvenal . It was often in-flicted under Nero , and continues to lie so in Turkey.

Empalemrnt of a Flower, the same with Calyx.

KMPANNEL, [iiom panne, Fr.] the writing or entering'thenames of a jury into a parchment schedule, or roll of paper, bythe shcrilF, which he has summoned to appear for the performanceof s 'h public service as juries are employed in.—Cowel.

EMPEDOCLES, a celebrated philosopher and poet, born atAgrigentum, in Sicily, lie followed the Pythagorean philosophy,and admitted the metempsychosis. He constantly appeared witha crown of gold on his head; to maintain, by this outward pomp,the reputation he had acquired of being a very extraordinary man.Yet Aristotle says, that he was a great lover of liberty, extremelyaverse to state and command, and that he even refused a kingdomthat was ofiered him. His principal work was a Treatise in verseon the “ Nature and Principles of Things.” Aristotle, Lucretius ,and all the ancients, make the most magnificent eulogiums on hispoetry and eloquence. lie taught rhetoric; and often alleviatedthe anxieties of his mind, as well as the pains of his body, withmusic. It is reported, that his curiosity to visit the flames of thecrater of JEtna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wish-ed it to be believed that lie was a god ; and that his deatli mightbe unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in theflames. His expectations, however, were frustrated ; and the vol-cano by throwing up one of his sandals discovered to the worldfliat Empedocles had perished by fire. Others reported that helived to an extreme old age ; and that he was drowned in Die seaabout B. C. 440.

EMPERESS, or EMPRESS, denotes either the wife of anemperor, or a woman who governs singly an empire, in her ownright. See Emperor and Empire .

EMPEROR, [imperatnr,'] among the ancient Romans, signi-fied a general of an army, who, for some extraordinary success,-had been complimented with this appellation. Thus Augustus ,having obtained no less than twenty victories, was as often salutedwith'the title emperor; and I it us was denominated emperor byhis army after the reduction of Jerusalem . Afterwards, it came todenominate an absolute monarch or supreme commander of anempire. In this sense Julius Caesar was called emperor : the sametitle descended with the dignity to Octavius, Tiberius, and Cali-gula ; and afterwards it became elective. The title emperor does?)° :t ’ an d cannot add any thing to the rights of the sovereignty :its etlect is only to give precedence and pre-eminence above othersovereigns; and as such, it raises those invested with it to the sum-mit of all human greatness. It is disputed, if emperors have thepower of disposing of the regal title. It is true, they have some-times taken upon them to erect kingdoms. Thus Bohemia andPoland are said to have been raised to that dignity : thus also, theemperor Charles H. in 877, gave Provence to Boson , putting thediadem on his head, and decreeing him to he called Xing, “ utmore priscorum imperatorum regibus videretur dominari.”

EMPETRUM, Berry-hearing IIeath, a genus of the tri-andria order, and dicecia class of plants; natural order, Miscel-lanea'. Male, calyx three-parted ; corolla three-petaled ; stamenslong: female, calyx three-parted ; corolla three-petaled ; styles

vol, ii.— no. 74.

nine; berry nine-seeded. There are two species; via. E. allium,white-berried heath, and Ii. nigrum, black-burned he..th, i ro > ,.rcrake berry. These are low shrubs, seldom propagated m a. r-dens, unless for variety’s sake. They are natives ui wiid moun-tains, where the soil is heathy and lull of bogs.

EMPHASIS, [tppwi;,] a remarkable stress laid upon A wordor sentence; particular force impressed In stile or pronuncia-tion. See Declamation, Oratory, and Reading.

EMPilRAXIS, [qafvafi;,] an obstruction in any part of thebody.

EMPHYSEMA, a windy tumour, generally oc-

casioned by a fracture of the ribs, and formed by the air insinuat-ing itself,- in'a small wound, between the skin and imisch s, intothe substance of the cellular or adipo'-e membrane, spreading itselfafterwards up to the neck, head, belly, and other parts, much af-ter the manner in which butchers blow up their veal.

EMPHYTEUSIS, [from tv, in, and funva, to plant, Gr.] theact of planting, or clearing lands for planting; the tenure of landson that condition.

EMPIRE, [imperiumi ] in political geography, a large extentof land, under the jurisdiction or government of an emperor. SeeEmperor. In ancient history we read of four great empires, viz.

1. That of the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Babylonians ; 2. of theMedes and Persians ; 3. of the Greeks; and 4. of the Romans.The first subsisted from the time of Nimrod, who founded it A. M.1800, according to the computation of Ussher, to Sardanapalustheir last king, in 3257, and consequently lasted about 1450 years.The empire of the Medes commenced under Arbaces, A. M.3257 ; was united to (hat of the Babylonians and Persians underCyrus, A. M. 34(58, and ended with the death of Darius Codo-mannus in 3674. The Grecian empire lasted only during thereign of Alexander the Great , beginning in A. M. 3674, and ter-minating with the death of this conqueror in 3681, when his con-quests were divided among his captains. The Roman empirecommenced with Julius Ca'sar, when he was made perpetual dic-tator, in A. U. C. 708, A. M. 3956, and A. D. 4S. 1 lie seat ofthe empire was removed to Byzantium by Constantine , A. D. 334.and the east and west were still considered as united under thetitle of the Roman empire though mostly governed by two dif-ferent series of emperors, till the total overthrow of the. latter un-der Augustulus, by the Goths , A. D. 476. The Western empirewas not revived even in name, till the year 800, when Charles theGreat, of France , was proclaimed emperor by the Romans. Fromthis epoch the east and west formed two separate empires ; that ofthe east, governed by Greek emperors, commenced A. D. 832 :and being gradually weakened, terminated under Constantine l’a-Iaiologus in 1453. The western empire was afterwards known bythe appellation of the empire, or German empire. Antiquariesdistinguish between the medals of the upper, and lower or has,empire. The curious only value those of the upper empire,which commences with Ca'sar or Augustus , and ends A. D. 260.The lower empire comprehends near 1200 years, reckoning downto the destruction of Constantinople in 1453. They usually dis-tinguish two ages, or periods of the lower empire : the first begin-ning where the upper ends, viz. with Aurelian , ending with Anas-tasias, including 200 vears; the second beginning with Anastasius ,and ending will) the Palasologi, which includes 1000 years.

EMPIRIC , [e^shisix©',] a trier ; an experimenter; such per-sons as have no true education in, or knowledge o c , physic al prac-tice, but venture upon hearsay and observation only.—Quincy.

EMPIS, in zoology, a genus of the class and order insectsdiptera. Proboscis horny, bivalve, rellexed under the head andbreast, and longer than the thorax. They live by sucking theblood and juices of other animals, and inhabit fields and gardens.There are about 30 species.

EMPLASTIC, or r^z-Xar©',] medicines which

constipate and shut up the pores of the body.

EMPLEURUM, in botany, a genus of the moncccia tetran-dria class and order. Male calyx four-cleft; corolla none; fe-male calyx four-cleft, inferior; corolla none; stigma cylindric;capsule opening at the side ; seed one, arilled. There is one spe-cies, a shrub of the Cape.

EMPNEUMATOSIS, [q-wmap'iTa-iri;, Gr.] the alternate dila-tation of the chest, by which the air is inhaled and communicatedto the blood.

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EMPOLI,