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EMPOLI, a town of Italy, in TuScany, 17 miles S. W. of Flo-rence . Lon. 11.6. E.Lat. 43. 42. N.

EM PON EM A, [from Gr. to labour,] the art of im-

proving ground by labour.

EMrORlyE, a double city of the Hither Spain , near thePyrenees ; separated by a wall. It is now called Ampurias.

EMPORIUM, a place of merchandise; a mart; a

town of trade; a commercial city.

Emporium, in ancient geography, the name of two cities inTtaly, near Placentia. They are now thought to be Ponte Nura,in Placentia.

Emporium, in medicine, is often used for the common sensory-in the brain.

EMPYEMA, [ffcmmfxre,] a collection of purulent matter inany part whatsoever; generally used to signify that in the cavityof the breast only, and which sometimes happens upon the open-ing of abscesses, or ulcerations of the lungs, or membranes inclos-ing the breast.—Quincy-. See Medicine.

EMPYREAL Air, the name given by Dr. Higgins to thatwhich Dr. Priestley calls dephlogisticated air ; other philosophersvital or pure air, and modern chemists oxygen gas.

EMPYREUM, a term used bv divines for the highest heaven,where the blessed enjoy <he beatific vision. The word is formedof rt and zvo, fire, because of its splendor.

Empyreum, or Empyreum a, j-ygep-a,] the burning of anymatter in boiling or distillation, whicii gives a particular offensivesmell.—Quincy.

EMULATION , a generous ardour kindled by the praise-wor-thy examples of others, which impels us to imitate, to rival, and,if possible, to excel them. This passion involves it in esteem ofthe person whose attainments or conduct we emulate, of the qua-lities and actions in which we emulate him, and a desire of resem-blance, together with a jov springing from the iiope of success.'I’lie word comes originally from the Greek apt xx«, contest;whence the Latin, annulus, and thence our cmulaiion. Plato makes emulation the daughter of envy ; if so, there is a great dif-ference between the mother, and the” offspring; the one being avirtue, and the other a vice. Emulation admires great actions,and strives to imitate them ; envy refuses them the praises that aretheir due; emulation is generous, and only thinks of equalling orsurpassing a rival; envy is low, and only seeks to lessen him. Itwould, therefore, be more proper to suppose emulation the daugh-ter of admiration: admiration being a principal ingredient in thecomposition of it.

EMU LG ENT, [ emulgens, Lat.] in anatomy, two large arte-ries and veins which arise, the former from the descending trunkof the aorta, or great artery ; the latter from tint vena cava. Theyare both inserted into the kidneys; the emulgent arteries carryingblood w itii the serum to them, and the emulgent veins bringing itback again, after the serum has been separated therefrom by thekidneys. See Anatomy.

EMULSION , [ emulsio , Lat.] a form of medicine resemblingmilk, and which is olten prescribed with a view to sheath and neu-tralise acrid humours, especially in heat of urine and stranguries,as well as for nervous and irritable habits in general. Emulsionsare frequently made, by boiling the oily and farinaceous seedscontained in’kernels; in which case they are soon decomposed,on standing. See Pharmacy.

EMUNCTORIES, in anatomy, are chiefly the kidneys, blad-der, and most of the glands.

EMUNGS, one of the Pelew islands.

ENALLAGE, [iva>>.ceyn,] a figure in grammar, whereby somechange is made of the common modes of speech, as when onemood or tense of a verb is put for another.

Enallace, is also used when one word is put for another of thesame part of speech: a substantive for an adjective; as exercitusvictor, for victoriojiis; scelus, for scelestus: a primitive for a de-rivative; as Dardanaarma, for Dardania: an active for a passive;as nox humida cielo prscipitat, for precipitatur, &c.

ENALURON, in heraldry, according to Guiliim, is a bor-dure charged with birds; though others will have it to signify, inorle, or form of a bordtire.

ENAMEL, in general, signifies a vitrified matter, interspersedwith some solid subitancc; and possessing all the properties ofglass, excepting that ot transparency. T he basis of enamels is apure crystal glass or frit, ground together with a fine calx of leadABU tin, prepared for that purpose, with the addition of a small

proportion of the white sail of tartar. These tonn the pimcipalingredients of all enamels, which are made by add ng various pul-verized colours, and thoroughly incorporating the whole in a fur-nace. For white enamel, it is sufficient to add manganese to thematter which constitutes the ba-is; tor azure, zattie mixed withcalx of brass; for green, calx of brass with scales of iron, or crocusmartis; for black, zat!re, w ith manganese or crocus martis, or man-ganese with tartar; for red, manganese, or calx of copper with redtartar; for purple, manganese with calx of brass; for yellow, tar-tar and manganese; lastly, for violet coloured enamel,.manganesewith brass, that has been three times call mud. Enamels are usedeither for the counterfeiting or imitating of precious stones, andfor painting; or by enamellers and artists working in gold, silver,and other metals. That species of enamel which jewellers em-ploy, is imported from Holland, or Ven.ee, in small cakes of vari-ous sizes, which are in general about four indies in diameter, andhave the mark of the maker indented on them. It pays a duty of3«. 8 d. per pound on importation ; and is allowed a draw back ofIs. (5 d. per pound, on being again exported.

ENAMELLING, is the art of laying enamel upon metals-,such as gold, silver, copper, &o. w hether plain or painted. 'Thelatter process is performed on plates of gold or silver, hut gene-rally on those of copper, prepared with the white enamel; onwhich certain objects are delineated with the colours, and after-wards burnt in the fire, where they acquire a brightness and lustreresembling glass. Fainting in enamel is held in greater estimationthan any other branch of that art; on account ot its peculiar andpermanent vivacity, the strength of its colours not being elfecedby time, hut always retaining their pristine splendor. It is chieflyemployed in miniature, as it cannot tie easily performed on a largescale; the enamel being very liable to crack on a plain surface,so that even the smallest plates must be somewhat of a convexform.

ENANGIOMONOSPERMOUS, [from «v in, «yyi»ov, a vessel,fzova;, alone, and etn^xn., a seed,] m botany, having but one seed inthe vessel.

ENAUEA, a province of Abyssinia, conquered by tbe troopsof Negus, at the beginning of the 17th century-, situated at theS. \V. extremity of the empire.

ENA11GEA, in botany, a genus of the hexandria monogyniaclass and order. Nocalyx; petals six, oblong, ovate, concave, acute,three outer, three inner, green-spotted ; berry three-celled, withfour or live globular seeds. It has one species, viz. E. marginata,a native of Terra del Ettego.

EN ARTHROSIS, [tv and «g-3vav,] in anatomy, the insertion ofone bone into another, to form a joint. It is a species of diar-throsis. See Anatom^-.

ENCAENIA, [tyxrcivire, Gr.] the name of three feasts celebratedby the Jews , in memory of the dedication, or rattier purification,of the temple, by Judas Maccabams, Solomon, and Zorobabel .'t he term is likewise used in church History for the dedication ofChristian churches.

ENCALYPTA, in botany, a genus of the cryptogamia museiclass and order. Capsule cylindrical; fringe simple, of sixteenlinear erect distinct teeth ; veil campanulate, inflated, lax. Thereare six species.

ENCANTlllS, in surgery, a tubercle arising either from (hecaruncula lachrymalis, or from the adjacent red skin ; sometimesso large as to obstruct not only the puncta lachrymalia, but alsopart of the sight, or pupil itself. See Surgery.

ENCARPIA, [ivwifiiK, Gr.] in architecture, flower-work, orfruit-work, on the corners of pillars.

ENCAUMA, [irxiv/M-i, Gr.] a burning in any part of the body:a hot ulcer.

ENCAUSTES, [from n in, and mi»-, to burn, Gr.] an ena-ineller.

ENCAUSTIC , [oartvYix-i, Gr.] belonging to enamelling, orpainting by lire.

ENCAUSTIC PAIN TING, a method of painting made useof by the aucients, in which wax was employed to give a gloss totheir colours, and to pres-, rve them from the injuries of the air.

ENCEINTE, [Fr.] in fortification, the wall or rampart whichsurrounds a place, sometimes composed of bastions or curtains,either faced or lined with brick or stone, or only made of earth.It is sometimes only flanked by round or square towers, which iscalled a Roman wall.

ENCELADCS, in ancient invtholozv,. the son of Tit-nn and4- Terra;