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DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING.

mixture of madder and fieur de garance, the latter may be used alone, it beingborne in mind that its tinctorial value is twice as great as that of madder.

B. Garancin Style.

When garancin is used it is frequently mixed with a larger or smaller quan-tity of lima and sapan woods, and also sumach. Patterns containing muchbrown remain in the dye-beck or tank for two hours ; while those whereinred, lilac, purple, grey-black, and catechu-brown predominate remain two anda half hours.

For 12 pieces of cloth, at ioo metres each, with a full pattern, the followingingredients are taken :—Water, 1200 litres ; garancin, 12 kilos.; lima wood, *6 kilos.; quercitron, 2-5 kilos.; the temperature at the outset being 38°, butraised gradually to 82°.

For black upon a catechu-brown ground :—12 pieces of cloth : 1200 litres o£water ; 4*5 kilos, of garancin ; 4*5 kilos, of lima wood ; 2 kilos, of quercitron;i*5 kilos, of sumach. Temperature, from 38° to 65°.

Red ground with black and brown pattern :—Cloth, 12 pieces : garancin,

9 kilos.; sapan wood, 6 kilos.; sumach, 3 kilos. Temperature, from 38° to 82°.

For puce-brown only :—Cloth, 12 pieces : garancin, 6 kilos.; lima wood,

20 kilos ; quercitron, 4 kilos.; oak-bark, 4*5 kilos.; water, 1200 litres. Tem-perature, from 38° to 50°.

After leaving the dye-beck the goods are washed in the washing-machine.Without entering into the details of their construction, to give some idea of *the vast capabilities of some of those machines we cite the following fatt,mentioned by Messrs. Whittaker, of Manchester. Their machine will wash6000 yards (=3 miles and 720 yards) for all kinds of dyeing purposes, and12,000 yards for all bleaching purposes, per hour, only requiring the attentionof a person of 12 or 14 years of age. Several improved machines have beenintroduced by a great many makers, among whom are Messrs. Mather andPlatt, Mr. Furnival, Mr. Barlow, Mr. D. Crawford, all which meet with verygeneral approval. The washing in this instance is chiefly done with the viewof getting rid of adhering vegetable matter.

As regards the dyeing with commercial alizarin (Pincoffs), this is performedprecisely as is here described for garancin. Alizarin is used for dyeing uponcotton and calico in the same manner as garancin and flower of madder: itsproperties are very similar to those of flower of madder, but the colours arefaster. Upon calico, double and triple purples, with black single and doubleroses and Turkey-red (see below), are obtained as easily with this product aswith any preparation of garancin. The alizarin shades possess the greatadvantage of being atted upon by soap, acids, alkalies, and preparations oftin, without losing intensity, and at the same time they gain in brilliancy : itis therefore necessary to use one-eighth or one-tenth less of the mordant, toavoid obtaining deeper shades than would be produced by garancin or flowerof madder. In dyeing with alizarin the colour should be moistened withwarm water before being placed in the bath, otherwise it will float and perhapsstain the cloth. Since alizarin does not part with its colouring principle at alower temperature than from 41° to 49 0 it is not necessary to pass the goodsinto the bath below 30° to 33 0 , but it is better to keep them at that heat twohours before proceeding to the boil: lime has a great affinity for alizarin, and