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same proportion as one already divided : thus, a line equal to,or '°nger or shorter than the breadth of the pilaster, mayContain the aggregate breadths of the number of flutes andets, in just proportion ; then drawing several equidistantJ nes Parallel to the base on the surface of the pilaster to beted, divide each of these equidistant lines in the same pro-" rt 'on; then a curve being drawn through each set ofcorresponding points will be the terminations of the flutes andits"' ^ or t * 1 ' s purpose, an equilateral triangle, with one of
8 sides divided into the number of flutes and fillets, is some-^ uies used; for if lines be drawn to the point of concoursethe other two sides, any line parallel to the base will be*ded in the same proportion as the base, which must befu"al to > or greater than, the breadth of the pilaster at thetorn. The same may also be conveniently done in thet | owing manner: divide a straight line, equal to, or shorter,(lj ‘ an breadth of the pilaster at top; through the points ofv jsion draw lines parallel to each other, making any angle1 h the divided line : then if this series of parallels be inter-j. c . ec * ^ a ^‘ ne drawn *n any direction, such line will beth ■ * n '* le same proportion as the given line. Suppose,tod 6 • l ' le Parallels to be at right angles to the given line:ext V '^ e any line on the surface of the pilaster, take thej n ens ion of the line, and apply one end of it from any pointan° ne *"he extreme parallel lines as a centre, and describe11 t >e'rl° CUttin o t * le most remote of the parallel lines ; then ath e aia ' vn from the centre to the intersection of the arc andeo 4 1 J emote parallel, will be divided in the same proportion,tli to the breadth of the pilaster at the place required ;
transfer the line so divided, upon the line on the surfacelace 6 P | k lster - In like manner, may every other line on the sur-c °t the pilaster be divided, and the curve drawn as before,the | 6 met h°d of diminishing and giving a graceful swell tocur Ul t a column, depends upon the parabolic or sinicalIv’ic 6 ’ w l"ch are easily described. The concoid of
the - meaes ' s also sometimes employed for this purpose ; butUr >d !!' stl Um ent required to describe it is very cumbersome,the 16 CUI 've produced is not of a better form than that ofParabola, or figure of the sines,ffoiii \°* n * n y boards .—A simple board, in its original stateof g le saw, is in one piece. A compound board is formed• v eral boards.
"niys^'f 8 nia ^ he joined together at a given angle, in variousindent' ^ na ils or pins, or by mortise and tenon, or bytaiii r 'hem together; the latter mode is called dove-°f tli i ° m 'he sections of the projecting parts, and thoset)o being formed to that of a dovetail.
c° tllI bailing i s of three kinds, viz., common, lap, and mitre:Parts 0U ^ oveta iling shows the form of the pins or projectingLap ( ’j as as of the excavations made to receive them,ness 0 °p Veta ‘hng conceals the dovetails, but shows the thick*e %e of 'h e hip in the return side, which appears like the'ails . *1 'h' n hoard. Mitre dovetailing conceals the dove-tlieir ' n< ' s hows only a mitre on the edges of the planes atPlane 8 , ace of concourse ; that is, the edges in the sameface s ’ , seam or j°‘ n t being in the concourse of the twois u#uj • _ S 'he given angle with each other. Dovetailing
in ft • ^ ° °
or li !1( , nxmg very wide boards together, where the seamthe d' Junction is in the concourse of the two faces, andPhitie 01 '* le wo °d of each board are perpendicular to aLone 'h rou "h such line.
^'heS'^vetailing is particularly useful where the facesthe incesf 8 are intended to form asaliant angle ; but wherebest . ln , * 01 ’ m a re-entrant angle, common dovetailing will* l ‘ ea Per, 8 bnt r 5 . the P U1 ,'P° Se ’ as it is not only stronger andU P°n the am * 3 ent * re ly concealed, the dovetails only showing
y oi.. u Sallant an g le -
Indeed, where the faces form a re-entrant angle, and eachboard is to be fastened to a wall, the two boards may be fixedtogether, by means of a groove in the one and a tongue inthe other ; and if well nailed previous to their being broughtto their situation, so that the nails may not be seen in thefaces, this will answer as good a purpose as dovetailing.
When several simple boards are glued together, to form abroad face, they are sometimes strengthened by fixing anothersimple board across the end, or across each end, as may berequired, by means of a groove and tongue, or by mortiseand tenon, and reducing the face of the whole compoundboard to a plane ; the transverse pieces are called clamps,and the compound board is said to be clamped.
In simple and compound boards, where the faces arerequired to form an angle, and where the fibres of the woodare required to be parallel to the line of concourse of the twoplanes or faces which form the angle, the two boards arefastened together by tonguing the edge of one of them thewhole of its length, and running a groove in the face ofthe other next to the edge to receive it, so that when the twoboards are joined together, the re-entrant angle shows only aline at the concourse of the two surfaces, but the saliantangle shows a line parallel to the line of concourse, which isthe intersection of the inner surface of one board producedto meet the external surface of the other ; so that to form thesaliant angle, the thickness of one board must be added to thebreadth of the other, and thus the face of the one is lappedupon the edge of the other the whole of its thickness.
The most common way of joining boards with the fibresthus disposed, in respect of the line of concourse of theirinclination, is by lapping the face of one upon the edge of theother, and fastening them together with nails, driven throughthe lap into the substance of the other.
Besides what has now been treated of, as principles onwhich the practice of joinery depends, many particularsrelating to the art, the definitions of the terms, and severalarticles which require long description, and a reference toplates, will be found under the following alphabetical order,viz. :
Blockings
Diminished Bar
Boarded Floors
Diminishing Rule
Bolt
Dog-legged-Stairs
Boxing of a Window
Doors, framed
Brackets for Shelves
Double-hung Sashes
Brackets for Stairs
Dovetail
Brads, in Joinery
Dovetailing
Butt-Hinges
Draw-bore
Butt-Joint, in Hand-Railing
Draw-bore Pins
Cap, in Joinery
Dressings
Cased Sash-Frames
Elbows of a Window
Casements
Face-Mould
Casting, in Joinery
Falling Mould
Centre of a Door
Feather-edged Boards
Chamfering
Fence
Cheeks of a Mortise
Fillet
Circular
Flaps
Circular Work
Floor
Clamp
Folding Doors
Clamping
Folding Joint
Cloak-Pins and Rail
Folds
Communicating Doors
Fox-tail Wedging
Curtail Step
Frame, in Joinery
Cut Brackets
Franking
Cut Standards
Cylindrical Work
Frieze Panel
Deal
Frieze Rail
Description
Furniture