P L A

301

PL A

to

w 10 cutMV,,,! 1 fll ' stW , a 8 8s liav

smooth ; these are called double ironed; theyonly used in the finest shooting planes, but thebeen found so great, particularly in planing

u Wood '

j J’Ws, .p.^ lat they have become general for all sorts ofj th V<irse d basd ^ ou ^ e ” on cons ‘ sts a second

iron, with a

f 41 ‘ t s”ed y lSll ’. screwe< ^ a S a ' nst ( * ie front side of the iron, so. Po, », and ^' es a o a ‘ nst the iron at a very small distancet° ^'c steoj 151 -^ u llel to, the cutting-edge ; and applying closelyt|, e of the iron, it forms an inclined plane, whicht] 111 lj y th e ‘ ttvin S over immediately after it is separated ort| e s ' la vinc7^ e ’ and *^ us ^ prevents the iron from splitting^' er ef orfi j® <leep er down than it will afterwards cut, andI c alle(} ,,' 1Vlri g a rough or torn surface. This second ironll8t Cad 0 f | ( e . c °ver of the iron; and the basil of its edge,

tl

%

8cr ew ' H;ln g ground flat, as that of the iron, is rounding :a' 7 d<dl hinds the cover upon the iron, passest| . te d at*. * U ^ le cover > an( i t* 1113 admits of its edge beingof 6 ' r °n, a a , n y required distance from the cutting-edges oftl w 0o / ^''s distance depends altogether on the naturesid^'^raii P' ane > 3 to he worked upon. If the stuff isf eti tbl e ( p e d> the edge of the cover may be set at a con-j thp' Var ds |,g Stance > because the difficulty of pushing the plane“’igc 0 f C 7 ea greater, as the edge of the cover is nearer

thi

is

Si„;°^i

iron, and the contrary when more remote :

*'oned by the edge of the cover turning the"ting'/'**’ immediately upon its being cut up. ihemd i a usually twenty-two inches long, three inches

1 0l ' e - e i„, ^'quarters broad on the face, and three inches and■ •*‘*PtY n , m height; it does not differ from the jack plane,hi ... n having a double handle, adapted for greater force ;

succeeds the operation of the jack-plane, towood, and remove the ridges left by the1 “ hioun • 18 Se1 - with less iron, and cuts a finer shaving .r "'? pi7 ' H ; lho much narrower. When it is used upon a

it

S? 6 Vhe

be rv. ’ >t

PI

S’,

<5 1

leno-th ,'‘ Vor ' K , the workman takes every shaving then gth ’ ^ SPe PP' n g forwards, instead of stopping at° Uo 'h fi 8 W ' t * 1 l * ie jack-plane. The shaving of thishner, is so mU cli broader than that of the jack,

Cv.,

is l°nn 7 as much force to push it forwards,

to . PlQ-ne 1*Q - J? _12 _*i •_

' iv 7 u ' r

1 t 0 v Inane i 8 8et very fine, for finishing work whichd l,aif r { str aight; it is twenty-six inches long, threef br oad, and three inches and one-eighth m

$**'*11 plane, or jointer, is the longest, and most. Sll «i e ^; it » employed after all the others, ch.efly|>(1 7 ‘7 straight-edges of boards which are to beCm|’ "‘tee 6 7 5 il is generally made two feet and a halfm high . ' nc hes and three quarters broad, and three and a

*V r i n is USPl1 ■"

Wi,

'til

it s,r '? Use d like the* others, but with great care toout .''y from one end of the work to the other,J Work ,, '"8 51 down, as that might spring the plane, ortt f .?thin» i", cause the iron to cut when the work wast f 4, ?ht e d “! 0w ’ whereas the object is to make a perfectlyi We!’ ar 'd th« ! Phe face of this plane must be kept quiteof cW efore it is a great object to make it of a fine* > or Va -i% °o thh

tfc n.H 1 -'

- . "' J ' ne A that it m a y

-? u well seasoneu,

, w „ —“‘-grained, hard beech,

'tl,' 11 ’ or vary, by the weather. -^ut any ban >

. plane is very muc h resembles a

7 6S are curved ’ 80 5 long, three broad at the

i' 'Hth ' '® 8e ven inches and a bait S - n height,

1; .two inches and three qoartrs ^ tQ g,ve the

' 7’ s ' dn g work when put tog ’, f 0 r which p

i 0*0 it; 8 8 re e of smoothness to t , e _

with as fine an edge as po rebates *• t iea ki,7 P^ mes are used for cut ins, a tj 0a rd, or ot 18^ of t of se mi-grooves upon the edg Cueing a sm ‘

V formed by cutting down or rea

- ' 11 48

part of the breadth of the board to half, more or less, of thegeneral thickness : by this means, if a rebate be cut onthe upper side of one board, and the lower side of another,the two may be made to overlap each other, without makingthem any thicker at the joint. Rebates are also used forornamenting mouldings, and many other purposes in joiners’work. The planes for cutting them are of different kinds,some having the cutting-edge at the side of the iron and ofthe stock, others at the bottom edge of the iron and the faceof the stock, and others cutting in both these directions ; theformer, being used to smooth the side of the rebate, aretherefore called side-rebating planes; whilst the others areused for smoothing the bottom. There is also a third sort,called fillisters, used for sinking, or cutting away the edge ofa piece of wood to form tiie rebate, leaving it for the othersto smooth the surfaces when cut. The rebate planes areabout nine inches and a half long, and of various widths uponthe face, from half an inch to an inch and three quarters ;in all cases they have the mouth and the edge of the ironcoming out at one edge of the face, and the side of the ironalso exposed at one of the upright sides of the stock, whetherit is formed with a cutting-edge there or not : this exposedside is either on the right or left, and they are named accor-dingly. In all cases, they throw the shaving out on theside, instead of the top of the stock. The cutting-edges andmouths are generally situated obliquely across the face,instead of being at right angles to the length of the plane, asin others.

The moving fillister is a rebating plane, which hasa ruler of wood, called the fence, fixed upon its faceby screws, in the direction of its length, and exactlyparallel to the edge of the face ; it therefore covers part ofthe length of the cutting-edge, and can be fixed at anyrequired distance from the edge, to leave more or less ofthe cutting edge exposed, and this quantity will be thebreadth of the rebate it will cut; because when it is used,the edge of the fence is applied against the edge of thepiece to be rebated, and thus gauges the breadth its ironshall cut away. The cutting-edge of this plane is notsituated at right angles to the length of the stock, but has anobliquity of about forty-five degrees, the exposed side of theiron being more forwards than the other. By this obliquity',when the plane is worked it has a tendency or drift to runfarther into the breadth of the wood, but as the fence, slidingagainst the edge, prevents this, the drift always keeps thefence in contact with the edge, without the attention of theworkmen ; it also causes the iron to cut the bottom ofthe rebate smoother, particularly in a transverse direction.tothe fibres, or where the stuff is cross-grained, than couldotherwise be done, when the steel face of the iron is perpen-dicular to the vertical sides of the plane. The principal useis, however, to contribute, with the form of the cavity tothrow the shaving into a cylindrical form, and thereby makeit issue from one side of the plane. The iron is what iscalled shouldered, that is, the lower part, or shoulder, wherethe edge is, has double the width of the upper part, which isreceived into the mortise, and jambed fast by the wedge. Itis the edge of this wide part only which is exposed at theside of the stock. Besides this principal iron, there is anothersmall iron, called the tooth, which precedes the other, toscratch or cut a deep crack at the width of the rebate, thusmaking the shavings, which the iron cuts up from the bottom,separate sideways from the rest of the wood. This tootli isinserted in a vertical mortise through the stock, between thefore end of the stock and the iron. The lower end of thislittle iron is ground with a basil on the inside, so as to bringthe bottom of the narrow side of the iron to a very convex

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