P L A
302
PL A
I
edge ; it is fastened by a wedge passing down before it intVie mortise in the stock. The use of this tooth is principallyfor cutting the wood transversely when wrought across thefibres, and, by this means, it not only cuts the vertical sideof the rebate quite smooth, but prevents the iron from rag-ging or tearing the stuff. The iron between the fence andthe edge of the face of the plane, must project the wholebreadth of the uucovered part of the face, otherwise thewood of the plane will bear it up, and prevent the planesinking as it cuts away the rebate, and the edge of the tooth,or little iron, should stand out a little farther on the side ofthe plane than the iron. The depth of the rebate, whichthis plane will cut, is regulated by a stop fixed on the out-side of the plane, at the intended height, above the level ofthe face : then, when the plane has penetrated or sunk theintended depth of the rebate, the stop comes to hear uponthe solid of the wood beyond the rebate, and bears it off fromcutting any longer. The stop is a piece of brass, which movesin a vertical groove made in the side of the stock, between theiron and the fore end of the plane ; in this it is moved upand down by a screw, which is inserted in a vertical perfora-tion from the top of the plane to the groove, and passingthrough a part projecting from the stop into the groove : theupper part of the screw is formed to a thumb-nut, to turn itround by, and it is so confined by proper collars, thatit can neither move up nor down ; but being turned, theinclination of the threads will rise or fall according to thedirection in which the thumb-screw is turned, and causethe stop to move up and down in the groove on the side ofthe plane, thus regulating it at pleasure to the depth to whichthe rebate is required to be sunk.
In grinding and fixing the iron of this plane, it is neces-sary that the cutting-edge of the iron should stand equallyprominent in all parts out of the face, otherwise the planecannot make shavings of an equal thickness ; and, conse-quently, instead of keeping the vertical position, will, as itproceeds, become deeper on the side on which the shavingsare thickest, and then the part cut away will not be regular, forthe bottom of the rebate will not be parallel to the uppersurface of the wood, and the side which ought to have beenvertical, will be a kind of a ragged curved surface, formedby as many gradations or steps in the depth, as the numberof shavings.
The sash fillister differs, in several particulars, from themoving fillister : the breadth of the iron is something morethan the whole breadth of the sole, so that the extremities ofthe cutting-edge are, in a small degree, without the verticalsides of the stock : the fence is adapted to be moved to aconsiderable distance, not being fixed, as in the moving fil-lister, by screws upon the face, but sustained by two barsfixed fast to it, which pass through the two vertical sides ofthe stock, at right-angles to the sides, fitting tight in the twoholes through which they pass : these bars are made round-ing upon the upper side, and flat on the lower side : at thepoint, where they are united to the fence, they have thickerparts, or shoulders, projecting downwards, because it isnecessary to have the fence fixed on a lower level than theface of the plane ; the ends of the bars are ferruled, to pre-vent their splitting when the ends are struck with a mallet,in order to move them in the holes through the stock, andthis brings the fence either nearer, or more remote from thestock, as may be wanted ; and to fix it fast, when so adjusted,two small tapering pieces of wood, called keys, are insertedinto two small wedge-like mortises, cut at the sides of themortises, in which the bars pass through the stem; thesewedges being drawn in, they will stick fast, and press againstthe bars, keeping them fast at all points, and thereby regu-
late the distance of the fence from the verticalstock. This plane is generally employed to rebatepieces of wood, such as sash frames ; and the fence 19against the opposite edge of the wood to that on W®rebate is to be formed.
ie
of
Th e plough is a plane with a very narrow face, 1,3iron, fixed beneath a wooden stock, and projectile { fiefrom the wood of the stock, the edge of the iron I)}' f
full width, or rather more, than the face ; it is g uiac ** D )fence with bars, like the fillister above described, ‘
d a‘
or plough out a groove of the width of the iron, an ^ orequired distance from the edge of the wood ; it joifl eri
similar stop to regulate the depth it cuts to.
fh r
cabinet-makers, &c., in planeing thin, or valuableveneering, 8cc., sometimes use fluted irons, having ^ g0 th^their edge ; and a plane, thus mounted, is called # „\nV ei 'plane; these irons apply to the stocks of difle ren
very*
b ett
See Tools
Plane, in geometry, a surface which will eV 1coincide with a straight line. „ 0 int 0
Wolfius defines a plane, “a surface, from eve, ^Jy otb®whose perimeter, a right line may be drawn to epoint in the same.’’
As the right line is the shortest extent from ° n li®another, so is a plane the shortest extension between ^and another. jnta®' 11 . • •
Planes are frequently used in astronomy, &c., *°*j fiodi^j.surfaces, supposed to cut, and pass through, s° d>*and on this foundation is constructed the wholeconic sections. ,, j ts 3 i(k s ’ fo
When a plane cuts a cone parallel to one o j £9 t>a 5 ’makes a parabola ; when it cuts the cone paralm {
it makes a circle. See Circle and Parabola. to c
The sphere is wholly explained by planes, * in ^ l ° or cir® uthe celestial luminaries, and toferences of the orbits ; and they are
fill the areas t ’ r fined
differently ^
the
each other; and by us, the inhabitants of 1 t j lti ir ^plane of wiiose orbit is the plane of the eclip tlC ’ ^
nation is estimated with regard to this plane. ar8 llel £0 ^ t oPlane, Geometrical, in perspective, a plane P g0 pposehorizon, whereon the object to be delineated '^j eg wid 1be placed. This plaue is usually at right an D
perspective plane. See Perspective. u ti'° -j
Plane, Horizontal, a plane passing p e r9p eC
tutor's eye, parallel to the horizon, cutting^ e r
■bi-
plane in a straight line, culled the horizontal l> *. 3 of
This, according to Brook Taylor ’s ^ n T th espective, may be called the vanishing plane J ^ a
See Perspective. aD g le
Plane, Inclined, one that makes an out 4horizontal plane. ., 0 f uU 0
Plane, Objective, any plane face, or si e ,object to be represented in perspective. ^ olll .f a ce> ° r me®'
Plane, Perspective, a plane pellucid ®^ twe eu tl |t!
perpendicular to
IS placed^
tutor’s eye andoptic rays, emitted from
tiie object he views j thro o p lea'”J the several points ol —.to
supposed to pass to the eye, and, in ^marks that represent them on the said plan • t | lU sp y ,-igi 1
sag 6 '
Plane, Vertical, a plane passing tlnoUo
By cf 0 o»
finding the position and distance ot a P 0 ^her of points, situated in the same P a jglit - .the plan of horizontal objects, whether jj stllU ce ^ °can very easily be ascertained by only ou e