QUA

353

QUA

then, n rnos * ^ ie above tracts, and are plentiful in some of5tir) y JS Pecially those toward the north. The Lancashire*H([ 0l 'kshire quarries, in many places, supply the white1hos e ^ Sorts * n i? reat abundance, and of good qualities.als° Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberlandt(, e ° r ^ them, in many instances, of a valuable nature ;Tlie,. e ^ are equally good in the still more northern districts.Cly^ * re numerous quarries of different colours of them in^ a e, Perthshire, Argyleshire, and the county of Inver-ttid „,i 0tn 'which vast supplies are constantly raised for home

<;Wuse. - 1 -

u - This sort of slate has, however, mostly the

of f ea ai ? t . a o es of being very porous, heavy, less durable, andl ’ ln g more and stronger timber to support it thans< ti ° n h « kinds ; being only fit for exposed climates and

The° n9 ‘

r; ^ Terries of the lighter and thinner kinds of slate, of* 0 f, s ( ^ e > green, purple, and other colours, formed from other

of

1 st °ne, only exist in some particular districts, as those^inij an d the northern part of Lancashire , and the'ate ® bounties, and in a few places in Scotland . The

c °loi)rj ! Ua . rr ' es of the "Welsh districts supply several kinds andVk an large quantities, and of good qualities ; but the

n , t£Littiumc>7) auu ut guuu ijuantiuo j ttut mo

tl lf!rj) bghter purples are the most prevalent sorts in most‘ lu Lancashire , the quarries of this kind are very

S, v " 3 ‘ ' -----

Av Ir > the part to the north of the Sands, as about'te-onmrr,™ Kirby-moor, Conistone-hills, and Til-

! J , er th„,- t6 ' com mon

a Ue,

blhp* te ^ e ^ 3 > &c., and from which very large supplies of

fl' sen, ° reen > an( l the dark purple sorts of slate are raised,“'Sor^t awa 7 for exportation, or consumed at home for0 Sotflp l* ar P 0 ses. They are wrought, and the slate prepared,tt^'vait lat ‘Afferent manners in different places. TheI - hj|| 1 e fiuarries have the slate dug out from the side ofis ’ an d carried away. But in some on Kirby-moor, a6| tiff riv en through the ground from below, the metal

p - iUV gIVUWU ilUiU UV^IV.

lil Ve ^ e< ^ awa y by small four-wheeled

'ton

waggons, on

1 ” llle h'lf” Those about Conistone are mostly workedtl° 11 ' e of *v, 8 ’ an( l the metal raised and carried out from them.8 | s lat e . s j Tilberthwaite quarries are wrought by blastingj, ° ne > an d collecting and carrying it out of them onI ^Posg tl S ’ * n sma ll carts, or trucks, constructed for theas tj) *? ^ eve ls being below the hills, but not nearly so‘■^Skt 6 ” ot toms of the quarries. Others are wrought by

Ja^^ds from the bottoms of them.

One man will

it- 6 tli e 6en or twenty hundred-weight of slate in one dayi^ s dun- rises well, but less in other cases.

— _,__ In some,

sl^^ by one set of men, split by another, and formed” a third ; for which purposes, flat crow-bars,The slate is divided

. es by'

IV' u, atin ’ an< * axes are employed. ......

o"f uls ! ied into three sorts, as, firsts, seconds, andV* 6 luar -° n ^ on > country, and toms. In the first, or Goth-ic 'be q r \ es > the slate has a darkish purple, or black cast.Mt an ce !f to , ne quarries, it has a fine blue and green

Tijg’rp. 13 much thinner and lighter than the otherlb” 1 tliin s a "L 1 . tbwaite slate, in some instances, splits veryOf *'' , ait e nC * ^'"bt, but does not cover so far as those of theV j s an( l Kirby quarries. In some quarries a sort<S ? a,d Per ton, on the slate which is raised ; while

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g vuilj VII bllV OIUIV »l IIIV>* lO ICVIOVU J *T 1111V

■y, ^ , cer tain rent only is paid for the liberty of theMl'i* 0r ke ra not a tonnage duty. These rents, or duties, onMl g 3 these quarries, are probably higher than theyv/bosg .[1^ bave enabled the Welsh slate-dealers to under-8t ti o i cou nty.

blu e jj aa ^ and Cumberland, in some instances, affordeat an . d green slates. In the latter, some of anMo’ are obtained in the quarries of Borrow-

v Jins. ater *°r sorts in some of the neighbouring

4 x

The county of Argyle, in Scotland , in some parts, aboundswith slate-quarries, as the tracts about Esdale, from whichfive millions of slates have for some time been annually sold.Quarries of the same kind are also wrought in many otherparts, with great benefit to the inhabitants.

Slate-quarries are formed in many parts of the highlandsof the county of Perth , hut none in the low. The slates insome are of a purple colour, in others of an azure blue, andin a few, of a muddy, sandy, brown complexion along thecutters. It is well known where the different sorts are quarried,The veins of slate-rock seem to run from Drumlane, in theparish of Aberfoil, in a north-east direction, to Dunkeld ;and maybe traced beyond the limits of the county both ways,The azure coloured are the best metal, and rise of a greatersize than any of the other kinds. Many of the buildings indifferent places are slated with this beautiful covering. Intothe lower districts of the county, slates are imported fromEsdale, and the other quarries on the west coast of the countyof Argyle.

Quarries of gray slate exist in many different parts of thecounty of Inverness, in which the quality is very good, andwell suited to the climate. In some places these slates aremuch preferred to blue ones, as the latter are more expensivein procuring, and though nailed on the roofs ever so firmly,are apt to be loosened by high winds, unless bedded in lime,which circumstance renders repairs difficult.

Quarry, (from the French , quarre, square; or, accordingto some, a corruption of the English term, quarrel) a pane,or piece of glass, cut in a lozenge or diamond form. j

Quarries, or quarrels of glass, are of two kinds ; viz. square jand long, each of which is of different sizes, expressed by thenumber of pieces which make a foot of glass ; viz., 8ths, lOths, I12ths, 15tlis, 18ths, and 20tlis ; but all the sizes are cut to ithe same angle, the acute angle being 77° 19' in the square Iquarries, and 67° 22' in the long ones. !

Quarry-Cart, a name commonly given to that sort of cartwhich is principally employed in the work of quarries, andwhich is generally of a low, compact, strong kind, in its nature,form, and manner of construction, in order to sustain heavyweights, and receive them without difficulty, or the dangerof being destroyed. Carts for this purpose should always bemade of well-seasoned wood, well put together, with sufficientstrength of timber in those parts where the main stress otthe load is placed.

Quarry-Waggon, or Truck, a small carriage of the lowtruck kind, which is much employed in the business otquarries, especially those of the slate kinds, for the purposeof holding and conveying the rough materials, which havebeen blown from the large massy rocks, or separated in otherways, out of or from the quarries and pits in which they aresituate and contained, to the places where they are to receivetheir different preparations and shapes.

It is formed and constructed on a frame somewhat similarto that of the common barrow, and mounted on two low lightiron-wheels on the fore part, having two feet behind, project-ing from the frame, bent something in the manner of theletter S, and of sufficient length to let it stand or rest in ahorizontal position while it is in the act of being loaded.These feet are usually made of iron, but they may be formedof other materials. A sort of inclined plane is formed fromthe bottoms of the quarries or pits, up which it is forced,with great ease and facility, by the workmen, or smallanimals of the horse kind, after being filled with these sortsof heavy materials.

QUARRYING, the bush ess of directing and conductingthe nature and management of sinking the different kinds ofquarries, pits, and shafts, as well as of the different sorts of