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work which are necessary to be undertaken, carried on, andperformed in the several different descriptions of them ; suchas those of separating, getting up, and preparing the varioussorts of materials fur use in the arts, or in other ways. It isa practice which requires considerable knowledge and ex-perience, to be fully master of it in all its different bearingsand intentions. See Quarry , and Quarrying Slates andStones.

Almost every kind of quarrying-work requires a differentkind of management, not only in the opening and sinking thequarries and pits in the grounds at first, but afterwards inthe methods and practices of working them, and getting upthe various sorts of materials from them, as w'ell as in themodes of preparing, trimming, and arranging them, after theyhave been raised. They are, however, mostly well knownand familiar to the quarry-men and pit-men, who are usuallyengaged in works of the several kinds.

Quarrying Slates and Stones, the methods of preparingthem for their different uses and applications at the quarriesand pits where they have been raised. The former of thesearticles, particularly those of the blue, green, and purple orblackish kinds, undergo several different sorts of preparationin the quarrying, according to the purposes to which they areto be afterwards applied. They are separated and dividedinto very thin pieces, or slates, where light nea joverings arerequired, or in much demand ; but for more sti ,ng and heavycoverings, in exposed situations, or other places, they are splitinto much thicker sheets, layers, or slates, and are, of course,more clumsy in their appearance.

Each sort, in the business of quarrying, is wrought in aseparate manner, and packed up by itself; the different sortshaving appropriate names, as has been already seen.

The white or brown slates are never divided and preparedin so fine a way as the other kinds, but separated into muchthicker flakes or laminae, in this intention. The blue, green,and purple or darkish sorts, are, for the most part, foundcapable of being split into very thin laminae, or sheets ; butthose of the white, or brownish freestone kinds, can seldombe separated or divided in any very thin slabs, as the layersof the large masses of the stones are of a much thicker nature,they consequently form heavy, strong, thick coverings, properfor buildings in exposed climates and situations, and of themore rough kinds, such as barns, stables, and other sorts ofout-houses.

In the different operations and processes of this sort ofquarrying, slate-knives, axes, bars, and wedges, are chieflymade use of for the different purposes of splitting and clean-ing the slates, they being separated into proper thicknessesby the axe, bar and wedge, and afterwards chipped into theirproper forms and shapes by the knife. All the inequalitieswhich may appear upon any of them, are removed by thislast-named implement. In the quarrying of the latter sorts ofmaterials, or those of stones, the work is usually performed insuch a manner as to suit the different uses for which they areintended. Where flags are to be formed, they are split orriven into suitable thicknesses, and squared to different sizes,so as to be adapted to different applications. These opera-tions are executed in rather a rough way, as they are after-wards to be finished by the stone-mason. When for steps,they have the proper breadths and depths given to them in asort of squaring manner, being left to be completed as theymay be wanted for particular uses and applications. Gate-posts are, for the most part, quarried so as to have fromabout a foot to a foot and a half or more in the square.Trough-stones have the quarrying performed so as to beformed into various proper-sized squares or other forms,in a rough manner, being left in these states to be after-

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wards hewn and hollowed out, in the intended pa rts >stone-masons. uar r ‘ e ^

Stones for building purposes are usually raised and q ^ inout roughly into something of the square shape, bemg^ as i0that state for the builders, who afterwards fit themsuit their own purposes and intentions. ;

In the quarrying of stones, the quarrymen common^ ^efuse of large hammers, with cutting ends on one side,being formed in a plain manner; strong, sharp, r> r :and broad, sharp, iron wedges; by which means thes (0 ri*are, from the constant practice of the men, split a ^into such forms as are wanted, with great ease nn d

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Quarrying Tools, the different sorts of i m P leine ” re pi'* 0 'use of in the different works of the quarry. They * . . tocipally such as have been noticed in the former aiwhich may be added different descriptions of picks,and jumpers, or boring implements for the purp° se . j g _ing the various kinds of stone, and other hard mater !* c iiipP.Quarryings, the small pieces that are broken nl

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off from the different sorts of materials foundquarries while preparing for various uses. Theses blu®where they are of the hard kind, such as those ,°>2and lime stone, as well as some other sorts, are

feet quadrant, or quarter of i

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that figure. The architects usually call it ovol°> ‘ qua 1 *the echinus ; but oval more properly applies 0 .

of an ellipsis as used in Grecian architectuie. or I * aII ',: s «

QUATRE-FOIL, (French , quatre-feuiUe). ^ oU , d i„g “ £6much used in Gothic architecture, formed by cug p S or P°posed in four segments of circles, forming f° u ( |,e

at their intersection. , • r oofs> *° aa iH e

QUEEN-POST, a timber post employed^^ tbepurpose of suspending the tie-beam. I 1 P® 1 , t0 sue* 1 g ;office as a king-post, but the term is a PP.^ a ging' ependers only when there is more than one 1 ^ ^ 0 gt

when there is only one, it is termed a gt ; 0 °f „ e t$'

QUICK-LIME, such lime as is in ‘ p0 wer oi ^ jr>active state, and which possesses the grea es ^ nlil y c«, 0 pet'ting upon different substances with , W >1C jj t jes and f jocontact. It is quite the opposite, in its q u w dery s e gd®ties, to that which has fallen down into a t ci] rb°consequence of being saturated with wa e oSB e e ^ et a d a* 0 . 5 ,gas, or fixed air, or which is slaked and. best a p e c £ vAccording to Dr. Anderson, lime is 1 nl ° st P a rk e ®’

fit state for the purposes of cement, ^ It * s .

caustic, or in the most crystallizing eon 1 means of ^that the powder of lime, when reduced J gjjjed 10a fluid, or thin paste-like form, and the

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ana nme stone, as well as some otner sons, <**“ ,. e paMwell calculated for the purpose of forming anaroads, as they are nearly, if not quite, in a state n q iere fo re !diate application. Materials of these kinds ought, ^ e gj e ct e ®where they can be conveniently had, never to be a®

by those who have the care and management o ^ nU !ob etthey will save much expense and trouble, in a g reof instances. . , t tiin' ,er

QUARTERINGS, or Quarters, slight up rl S‘‘ lg for t»®posts framed together, and employed instead of gad

separation of apartments &c.; they are lathed ovei uge d 0m48ner as ceilings, to receive plastering, but w 0 fexternal work they are usually boarded. They g) . bei**skinds, single and double, the scantling of the ° g . thw2 inches by 4 inches, and the latter 4 inches sq^ qua^ eare placed at about 12 or 14 inches apart. The eings is especially applied to a series of quarters- _ ua rterS-Quarter-Partitions, a partition composed 0 ^menQUARTER-ROUND, a term used by the " ^ is a P^any projecting moulding in general, whose co c i,es *!

of a-circle, or which app' , yjti - u vl

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