EUD
393
RUL
V autl Un ' r ° rm an< ^ concurrent tradition of the country, andt 0 ^ ent ’ c evidences relating to the erection of several of,4.(] 6 ers ’ w ' [ h the names and eras of their founders.
*>v ing a cr, piion of one or two of these towers will assist inj l Mo n an '^ ea °f their varieties and general character. That^ete* 8 * 01 ^ 0 ' 0 ^ near Drogheda , is 110 feet high and 17 inr ! the thickness of the wall is 3 feet 6 inches. The] ** r <!liy Urc h> which is close to it, is now in ruins. In the° feet )• are two vel T old and curious crosses ; one about| Ct °8a l an covered with sculpture, is called St. Boyne’sj H -pj 13 esteemed the most ancient religious relic in Ire-> hi,? 6 T ound tower at Drumiskin, in Louth , is 130l4 H)etf r ’ an d that of Kildare 133 feet high and 18 inbein' ^l le walls of the latter are 3£ feet thick, and& %(1 °f fine white granite, to about 12 feet from theOf
^ ‘ 1 ,
sixty regular courses of hewn stone, of a brighter
the adjoining church ; it is 85 feet high to thejS, a ’ , let >ce rises a low pointed roof of stone, with win-( f eet a va ne at the top. The other tower at AbernethyVttul .S' 1 , and like that at Brechin , is about 48 feet in' ll1 ar e f r cumference. On the front of the tower at Bre-
0 f^° arches, one within the other, in relief. On therN s (1 _ outermost is a crucifix, and between both,
Ijg w «vuuuvaii io u u uuiiaj aim ucinccu uulii,
i •> tli e f ^'ddle, are figures of the Virgin Mary and St.t^ 0l- aed at . ter folding a cup with a lamb. The outer archJl'e bnt Wlt *' ' cno ' ls > and within both is a small slit or loop;, °m of the outer arch are two beasts, couchant,
■ of
b y ' ts proboscis, is evidently intended for an
Iti ■ er e'
^Siiari are some few round towers in France , which somet-Woy^ 3 are inclined to think similar in origin and(jX. The French , however, are unlike the Irish(r?'ly 0ct 11036 of the former are of various figures, prin-l t • l ' le vili e a f= on al, and of moderate heights. The tower of0 ®!tuat Cheminee de Quineville, is one of these,
'b^oiit j ' v ’ , l*i n eight leagues of Cherbourg, is hollowllyj* 8 ®, C j rc ’ J'aving neither stairs nor floors. It consists ofM ® taiip, 11 ar within, and 17 feet high, constructed in that( itp a cvr ^ tb e Romans opus reticulatum ; above this ist|,j^ftif (;t ,y^ ln drical column 11^ feet in height and 20 feet inHn ari d 'p Ce ‘ The external face is ornamented with Corin-V* ti Ses U3c an pilasters supporting an entablature, above: ,filing 8 dome, roofed in the form of a truncated cone.
5 L b j 8 . at R has served as a pharos, others as a belfry.\ a h. rj,j e *tlier within view of the sea, nor near to any
V "ihity le £ 6 are, however, in France , isolated towers in, ’h ar 5 r in l .lurches. They belong to the middle ages:V^ru l'^and diameter. °
^ f J; Hid, ’ ln Sardinia (described by Mr. Forester, in?’°Us ' , rnost travellers agree in looking upon either*%. buii^. 1 * lces or tombs for the dead, are of a similar5 tb e ; n f S to tb e Round Towers. There are said to be' c inl an ^- They stand on the summits of hillocks,
V tni„° Un ^ 3 ’ an d generally consist of two chambers.
>!4h,i - uncated ------
^tli> i' r om' :ate ^ cones > varying in height from 30 to 100to in circumference at the base.tjvJ'pTTn,^^-’ a rough, irregular kind of masonry.
Vb a ro (from the Latin , rudens, a rope,) the
l 16 ’ or staff, sometimes plain, sometimes carved;V> fill e ^ a tb ird part of the fluting of columns is fre-
y » - -- - -n .o .o ,.c-
, . 13 by some called a cabling; and the
flutings are thus filled, they call rudented or« 3, There are also rudentures in relievo, laid on\ , He\ pililst6r s, not fluted ; an instance of which we*'■ >- ohurch of S. Sapienza at Rome .
5 H
RUDERATION, (from the Latin , raderatio,) in building,a term used by Vitruvius for laying a pavement witli peb-bles, or little stones. To perform the ruderation, it is neces-sary that the ground be first well beaten, to make it firm, andto prevent its cracking. Then a stratum of small stones islaid, to be afterwards bound together with mortar made oflime and sand, called by Vitruvius statumen. If the sand benew, its proportion to the lime may be as three to one ; butif dug out of old pavements, or walls, as five to two.
Ruderation, Daviler observes, is used by Vitruvius,lib. vii. cap. 1, for the coarsest and most artless kind ofmasonry; where a wall is, as it were, cobbled up.
RUINS, (from the Latin , ruiua,') a term particularly usedfor magnificent buildings fallen to decay through lapse oftime, and of which there only remain a confused heapof materials. Such are the ruins of the Tower of Babel , orthe Tower of Belus, two days’ journey from Bagdad, inSyria, on the banks of the Euphrates ; which are nowno more than a heap of bricks cemented by bitumen ; andof which we only perceive the plan to have been square.Such also are the ruins of a famous temple, or palace, nearSchiras, in Persia , which the antiquaries strenuously contendwas built by Ahasuerus; and which the Persians now call[ Tchelminar, or Chelminar ; q. d., the forty columns ; becausethere are so many columns remaining nearly entire, withtraces of others ; a great quantity of basso-relievos, andunknown characters, sufficient to show the magnificence ofthe antique architecture. The ruins of Palmyra may alsobe reckoned in the class of famous ruins.
RULE, or Ruler, (from the Latin , regula,) a very simpleinstrument, ordinarily of hard wood, thin, narrow, andstraight, serving to direct the drawing of right lines. Therule is of principal use in all the mechanical arts. To provewhether or no it be just, draw a line by it on paper ; thenturn the rule about, the right end to the left, and apply thesame edge this way to the line; if the edge now agreeexactly with the line, the ruler is true.
The stone-cutter’s rule is usually 4 feet long, and dividedinto feet and inches. The mason’s rule is 12 or 15 feet long,and is applied under the level to regulate the courses, tomake the piedroits equal, &c.
Rule, Parallel. See Parallel and Instruments.
Rule, is also applied to certain instruments which haveother considerable uses besides that of drawing lines. Suchare carpenter’s joint-rule, Everard’s and Coggeshall’s sliding-rules, &c.
Rule, Carpenter's Joint, an instrument, usually of box,24 inches long, and 1J broad, each inch being subdividedinto eight parts; on the same side with these divisions isusually added Gunter’s line of numbers. On the other sideare lines of timber and board-measure, the first beginning at81, and continued to 36, near the other end; the latter isnumbered from 7 to 36, 4 inches from the other end. Thedivision of the timber-line is forfned from a consideration, that1,728 inches make a solid foot, in the following manner:—thus, 9 is so placed against one of the divisions of inches, orparts on the other side of the rule, beginning from the righthand, that its square, which is 81 inches multiplied by thatnumber of inches and parts, must make 1,728 inches ; which,dividing 1,728 by 81, must be placed against 1\\ from theright-hand ; and 10 must be placed against 17tias inches ;because 1,728, divided by the square of 10 or 100, gives17-fS?a, &c. But, because a square, whose side is 1, 2, &c., to8 inches, requires more than 24 inches in length, as a mul-tiplier, in order to produce 1,728 inches ; and since thelength of the rule is only 24 inches, there is a table uponthe left end of it, which supplies its defect of lengtn. In