S A S

399

SAW

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aCe ofti lntn 9 > the one next the outside, and parallel to the? e *t to le , Wa ^> 18 ^ Le outside lining ; and the remaining one,llr ‘* n 9- t ' 6 lllside °f the room, is denominated the inside. Ie hest-made sash-frames have the pulley-pieces18 Sew !! Uo the outside and inside linings ; the back linin

Of *1 ‘ *Uj V +a« _Jl ? .. J . ,1. . _, . • .V 1 .. *1.1 , a 1 V

tli e .“‘y tongued into the outside, and nailed to the edgeH'ftal v' lns '^ e lining ; on each pulley-piece two channels, off ?Wr ea(lt h,-for the

are

' WLU »* Ior tne edges ot tlie sa 9 lies t0 run in ’hie p hy nailing a slip of wood round the inner margin of’"ithi,) 1 .^'P'ece, and suffering

between which a narrow slip isnf ert in the middle of the intervening space. As the

H<? U 'issli '

the outside lining to projecta narrow slip is inserted in a

’’ ’P 18 generally rounded, it is called the parting

Nfe the inner slip, for the same reason, is termed they ts i<le l ’ w hile the edge of the outer lining is called theW* Within the case, there is also a vertical slip,Cf^'ddl trorn the head, and passing longitudinally throughi . 1 is ?? tke ' hollow space, for separating the two weights,ij n - ler efore called the parting slip. The head, sill, andtil r O(i S ’ * lave generally each a groove next to the insidet)i 'ei»], j > flie groove in the head and sill is commonlyll^t it, lls of an inch from the edge next to the opening ;ii*tt tl' 6 ^. ead 18 for inserting the edge of the soffit, andtl lp e S ’H for receiving the edge of the capping bead,t|N. ar e P f? er ed S eof the back,lilt ^ 8, aiic l0F t * le ed S es °f the back

of lr *8i di, 6 these grooves from the inner edge of the inside0 >,if nd s on the depth of the boxing, and the distancefrom the inner edge of the inside lining,tj v a bo„ t n< j x t to the opening. The line of hinges is gene-t Jla If isi(j e j. 1 [‘fee-eighths of an inch from the inner edge of

<S the " 8Sa. n ’ a fl

r, er,

The grooves, in the insidelining of the boxing ;

so that the shutters, soffit, and capping bead,Ir terminating edges with the sash-frame of the

‘arm.,

tw'‘' i , r °nnd ; that is, at

the same distance as the

‘be sash-frame; this, however, is not positively(1,..’°r \Y 0 .j/ nia y be varied at the discretion of the archi-ve 1 °f *1 nian ' The line of hinges being determined, the°t tl,.*,? boxing is found by adding to the thickness oflutl, * inside finishing, whether of plaster alone,

tl,j .bit, l„ tt and plaster (the former requiring about an inch,of 0 f r , 2 i Inches); and subtracting from the sum, theliqf 16 \v„j| , le sash-frame, and its distance from the outside(}j g ’ l ben, if the remainder be equal to, or exceed11 of ,? nce °f the hinge-lines, such half distance is the<lo t of,„ ot b the boxing and the shutter ; it must, how-

5?J*Sj ted ’ -

ld e nr the architrave, or margin style, which forms

Serv ed, that the" outer edge of the shutter mustas that would prevent the edges of both

:s l|-f,. 8 of

>e itiA) *he w . e boxing, opposite to the inner lining of the\ v fifis, leri ®ach shutter consists of one piece only ; toVi,? front’ 6a °fr ®butter must either consist of two folds,*tyi e 6 n>u st P ar h and a back flap ; and the breadth of thef ki? Uie e q 6 c °ntracted, either by introducing a margin’ by r „ , » e of each boxing ; or, if one was necessary>>l b ??g it broader °

jf be neat distance of the groove, from the line of? ' s - tyb® less"? 6 ot b er band, the remainder, before men-brp., r i , au the half distance between the hinge lines,1*6 q 8,1 th e 1 • t l‘ e boxing ; divide the half distance>(: % h 0, ietit l‘ n es, by the breadth of the boxing, and

W: "Her, tj, 1 g* v e the number of folds ; and if there be aT? 6 1111181 he one fold more than is shown by theth e h a ®S r egate, or sum of all the folds, is the neatet ati,i ?, Xlll g 1 but, in order to make the folds clear' “ a “ ir,;? e back

then the thickness of the two

1 Of ,

s

Sm * 11

ll<letl -in lor each fold. Thus, suppose the wall to bec b brickwork, and the finishing within to be

. of the boxing, add the eighth or tenth

lath and plaster ; suppose, also, the breadth of the windowto be 4 feet, the sash-frame 6 inches thick, and its distancefrom the wall 4 inches : then, 20£ inches is the thicknessof the wall and finishing ; the thickness of the sash-frame andits distance from the face of the wall are, together, 10 inches ;this, taken from 20£ inches, gives 10£ inches for a remainder,which is the breadth both of the boxing and of the shutter,because lO^ inches are less than 24 inches, the half distancebetween the lines of hinges : 10J is contained twice in 24inches with a remainder; there are, therefore, three folds,viz., a front fold and two back flaps ; suppose the front foldto be 1^ inch thick, each back inch thick ; then I2 + I4+ 1^ = 4 inches; and because there are three folds, add §of an inch more, and the depth of the boxing will be 4^ inches.

Sash-frames are made in Dublin with half-sills.

Figure I. No. 1. Represents part of the frame of a com-mon sash, showing a section through one of the sides, and apart of the plan of the sill.

No. 2. The side of the sash frame, with the pulley styleand the sections through the sill and head.

No. 3. Part of the elevation of the sash-frame, the insidelining being removed to show the weight.

Figure 2. No. 1. A complete plan of a sash-frame, wherethe lines are concealed ; this, however, does not affect theplan, so as to make it differ from that of common sashes, asshown at Figure I, No. 1.

No. 2. The pulley style, exhibiting the pulleys in themiddle, instead of being much nearer the top than themiddle.

No. 3. Part of the elevation, showing how the line is fixedto the lower sash, and hooked to a piece fixed to the trunkfor the purpose.

No. 4. Part of the elevation on the other side, showingthe manner of fixing the line to the upper sash, and to thedividing pieqe.

No 5. The inside of the sash-frame, with both weightsexposed.

SAW, (from the Saxon saga, or Danish sau-e) a thin plateof steel, indented on the edge, for cutting, or dividing woodor soft metals, by a reciprocal change of motion in the handsof the workman, by pushing it from, and drawing it towardshim. The cut which it makes, or the part taken away, in aboard, is a thin slice, contained between parallel planes, ora deep, narrow groove of equal thickness. Saws are ofseveral kinds, as the pit-saw, the bow-saw, the ripping-saw,the half-ripper, the hand-saw, the panel-saw, the tenon-saw, <the sash-saw, the dove-tail saw, the compass-saw, and thekey-hole or turning saw. The teeth of these saws are allformed so as to contain an angle of 60 degrees, both exter-nally and internally, and incline more or less forward as thesaw is made to cut transverse to, or in the direction of thefibres ; they are also of different lengths and breadths, accord-ing to their use. The teeth of a saw are bent alternately toeach side, that the plate may clear the wood ; and, for thispurpose, also, the edge on which the teeth are cut is thickerthan the other edge.

The best saws are made of steel, ground bright and smooth.

If, in bending the plate of a saw, the resistance be great, andthe curvature unifoi’m, it is a proof that it has been evenlyground, and well hammered. Saws intended to cut hardwood, must be so sharpened as to lean more from the per-pendicular drawn from the internal angle, to the line passingalong the bottom of the teeth, than those which are intendedfor cutting soft wood.

The pit-saio is used by two sawyers, for dividing thetrunks of trees into boards of any thickness, or for dividinglarger pieces of timber into smaller scantlings.