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Hqj e c °urses, is also to be found in Saxon-work ; but it: ^rrr,„^ 6cu ^ ar to it, being also found in both Roman and

: if w alls.

§Hla r ■p rches in this style were either semicircular or trian-pt>n S j’t ‘lie latter can be properly styled arches, whichH Merely °1 tvv0 long stones resting on imposts, and*h ot , ,ow ar<ls each other till they meet, and abut againstr l«r tt^ at tbe a P ex ' The semicircular form is, however,tnore common of the two ; it is usually quite plain,"tt (? n ly a single soffit, without any recess or sub-arch :Unis], r re< l u ently arches of this kind receive somewhat of ay jhe addition of a hood-mould, composed of square-'s "'all !' I P~ W01 'k, projecting a few inches from the surface of"itej ^ ‘ 11 follows the shape of the arch, and is either termi-S al] / H'e impost, or continued down to the ground. Occa-,''! e find arches recessed, or having a sub-arch, as at,f tly s 'll) York ; but this is probably of late date, although* ho od a *°n, as is evident from the square-edged strip formingfifiicl^^cnld, as just described : rarely, also, the arch isag With bold roll-mouldings on the face or soffit, or onSom ^ Wittering church, Northamptonshire ; and thesefli e . etlm es continued down the impost to the ground.

I "tre t ; m P°sts on which the arches rest are usually nothingS ° tri -tirn 111 ^ s< l uare ' e fig e fi projecting blocks of stone, having, 6s fbe lower arris chamfered ; occasionally they are'finds v ’ tbe mouldings consisting chiefly of fillets or plat-N »^ aried with bold semi-cylindrical or roll-mouldings ;

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‘fis.

®fimes they are enriclied with rude attempts at sculp-

. J -he mVi-o o 1*0 noAotli? cnnnva nlnin oia/^ nnfli n a rv\At«o

l fipit a l *."« Piers are mostly square, plain, and with no more• 'i'tig ^' an >s formed by the impost.

are constructed with both kinds of arches ;• e a n |.- ,rcular being most prevalent, and in some of thefinks ; ,', ent examples, the archivolt is composed of Romany are mostly, however, of stone, of the descriptionbeing frequently provided with the projectingwhich is sometimes stopped on the impost, or a

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jj Hie _ string-course of strip-work, and at others continued^ ns a | ) Un fi- The imposts or abaci are of the same descrip-a nfl 0 °i Ve ’ an fi jsmfis are either composed of the usual

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short work, with the horizontal stone bonding into

y tb a si? 1 ' two i° n g blocks placed upright on their ends0 pV th ; , ° rter one between them, which is, however, no5ti * be ' on S ones. Triangular-headed doorways are

Sjt a ‘ r general description to the semicircular ; there ist)i e v ” n ^‘’gsfook church.

*i° Se 'n "i^fiwa are generally of a very rude description ;lig|* be body of the church, consisting principally of

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thi

° f 8 “ a!1 size, and having semicircular heads ;( | . file s ent a marked difference from the Norman windowsio’Vsa f e kind, in being splayed from the middle of thet]V(l s ,.° the wall both ways, that is to say, equally both(jjinterior and exterior of the building ; whereas"fusion t^ n windows splay from the exterior only in one»aii e Sizing being inserted neai

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0 . near the external surface

Small windows are sometimes seen with squareH' * 6 wf i U< ^ e °fil° n g form,tli^fi f 0rr ^fi°ws, which deserve the greatest attention, and"ft^Pper a nParacteristic of the style, are those found inKm? s etni^ Ses of Saxon towers. They generally consist^ "liar ,j lcir pular-headed lights, divided by a rude shaft offiicj^atiee SCt 'l! t; ' or fi an( l termed baluster-shafts, from theirfi^ns^ ^ which is that of a baluster with a bold capital■ i'hioyi i! 1 °f which are usually composed of cylindrical-pj .fi'ngs, and the former surmounted with a heavyitli' 1 an<j abacus runs nearly through the thickness of thes ifin I,' 01 * 1 the arch springs, being supported on they an impost of similar description worked up in

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the wall. The baluster-shaft frequently swells out in themiddle of its height, and is sometimes divided in the middleby a band of roll-mouldings, swelling out above and below,midway between the band and capital and the band andbase; it is often plainly cylindrical, without bands or otherinterruption. At Monk-Wearmouth, the shaft swells in thecentre, but has neither capital nor base. Sometimes, suchwindows of two lights are coupled together by a semicircularhood of strip-work extending over both, and carried downvertically to the bottom of the lights. In the topmost storyof the tower of Earls-Barton church, there is a window ofthe above description, divided by baluster-shafts into sixlights. Triangular-lieaded lights are found in this and othersituations.

Respecting Saxon vaulting, the following account of thatin the crypt of Repton church, is given by Mr. Bloxam, inhis valuable manual:—“ The crypt beneath the chancel ofRepton church, Derbyshire , is, perhaps, the most perfectspecimen existing of a crypt in the Anglo-Saxon style; andof a stone-vaulted roof sustained by four piers of singularcharacter, slender and cylindrical, with a spiral band ormoulding round each, and the entasis exhibiting that peculiarswell we find on the baluster-shafts of Anglo-Saxon belfrywindows; the vaulting, which is without diagonal groins,bears a greater similarity to Roman than to Norman vault-ing ; and the crypt was entered through the church, bymeans of two winding passages.”

Amongst the more noted churches in which Saxon remainsare supposed to exist, we may mention the following:—Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire ; St. Benedict’s, Cam-bridge ; Brigstock, Northamptonshire ; Brixworth, in thesame county; Bosham, Sussex ; Clee, Lincolnshire ; churchnear Dover Castle; Earls-Barton, Northamptonshire ; Deer-hurst, Gloucestershire; Hexham, Durham ; Jarrow, in thesame county; Kingsbury, Middlesex; Lavendon, Bedford-shire; St. Michael’s, St. Alban’s, Herts ; Monk-Wearmouth,Durham; Repton, Derbyshire ; Sompting, Essex; Tintagel,Cornwall; Wing, Bucks; Worth, Sussex ; St. Mary, jun.,Bishophill, York .

For further information on this subject, we refer thereader to Cathedral, Church, and other articles of a simi-lar character.

SCABELLUM, (Latin, ) in ancient architecture, a kind ofpedestal, usually square, sometimes polygonal, and very slen-der and high, commonly ending in a sort of sheath, or scab-bard, or profile, in the manner of a baluster. It was used tosupport bustos, or relievos.

SCAFFOLD, (from the French, eschqfaut, or Dutch , scha-vot,) an assemblage of planks, or boards, sustained by tres-sels, or pieces of wood fixed in the wall, upon which masons,bricklayers, &c., stand, whilst carrying up a wall; or qsedby plasterers, &c., when plastering the ceiling.

The different members of a scaffold are termed standards,ledgers, and putlogs. The standards are upright poles of firof considerable length, and about 6 inches in diameter, fixedfirmly in the ground ; the ledgers are horizontal poles lashedto the standards, and running parallel to the work to beerected, and the putlogs are transverse pieces about 6 feetin length, laid horizontally from the ledgers to the walls, onwhich the scaffold-boards are placed.

Of late years, a much improved method of building scaf-folds has been employed, especially on large works; they aremore regular in their construction than the old method, beingcomposed of a series of trussed frames, consisting of a numberof vertical and horizontal timbers braced together diagonally;they have the advantage of being erected independent of thebuilding itself. At the top of such scaffolds is frequently a