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t *' em P rove their popularity. In 1541, Serlio was•ioflj ‘o, France, by Francis I. , and employed in the erec-Mv at) Fontainebleau. Here he continued till he died, at ana = e ’ lo78. Though, as an author, he was much»ti ar .. to the principles of Vitruvius , yet, in his designs as' le vei T much neglected them. His school at St.a 'i(l J atlf ' Palace of Grimani at Venice, are built in a grandSggnificent style.

«r ooL ', or Cesspool, a well, or deep hole, sunk, le mouth of a drain, for the reception of sediment,A 61 ' gross matter, which, if not there detained, wouldHifiy le passage. Sesspools ought to be so contrived, thatfill a 7 be cleaned without difficulty ; otherwise they willSli’p an ^ the ev 'l he communicated to the drains.

V a *off, that part of a wall where the face is brokenHie r °J e ction beyond the general surface, such as where’typer Vei Portion of a wall is of greater thickness than theHie ] ’ an d therefore leaves a ledge at the height where%. e er thickness commences, equal in width to the differ-I'ee j s n thickness of the two portions of the wall. This prac-°f usual in buttresses, and almost universal in those

' 8l 0t> . lasv al date. Such ledges are usually covered with'■finAj a o table of masonry to carry off the wet, and are

'btllg ^FNG, a term used in masonry, for fixing stones inHint q” 1 " 'aults. In this the utmost care should be taken^8 1 6 s l°ues rest firmly upon their beds, and that their

&■» '

especially applied to

Hi 0n '. ra uged on the proper surface of the work. ThisiNts 18 ne °essary, as bad workmen, in order to make closea Cfs ofAA'y make the beds come in contact adjacent to thea^entl' 6 Wor ^i and, in order to bring the joints flush, theyl| U c 0n y no more than round the work next to the joint:A^liin Vexit y Has a very disagreeable appearance in the6 ^ork W ^ en the ™y8 of light fall obliquely upon

fJ|Jt ivi[t ( |'^G-OUT ROD, the rod used by joiners for settingtl doors, or other framing.

~ o 0 , n "ttY , a bay or compartment;

Vp rtments va ulted roofs.

!? rr 7ine R ’ a * Ill ‘g e main drain, conduit, or conveyance forrefuse water, or soil, from a house, or number

N^euage, the method of removing superfluousto tVn A 10 ’ filth, night-soil, and other refuse matters from

,i '1'lie ar other iocahty.

8 0 . ablg 11 - ect connected with this article, is of very con-sul ^ , 1In Portance, as it affects the health, morals, andto tl'^ e ' n ° 416 community ; as it is now universally

(]■ ^altl lat 4 ' le accumulation of refuse matter is dangerousJ s Hict 8 ^ '1 n d especially in crowded and densely-populatedit'i^te* . e i* is certain to encourage, if it does notop^out. Var ‘ ous kinds of epidemic disease; besides which,# Hie l 0 . a ° es habits of cleanliness, and so affects the moralsUh ' if :tltl Ver or ders. It is a matter which formerly was notp4 atten ded to ; but has of late, years forced itselfi at of' C n °! iee > ant l ' s at the present day receiving thatnJ'l'th 0llrt , COns i , lerati on which it so well deserves.

H>Ucif 1, i ho,ve ver, the matter has been widely canvassed,h' H':it 1 . e ! a “orate investigation entered into, we regret toto, mere matters of detail have received com-V WeT® attention than they deserved, and general prin-’ ^ a n to ° muc h overlooked ; not that we would for

0'^ r e f naerva ^ ue the investigation which is being carriedJ \ r t nCe to minutiae, which are indeed of the utmost^ f^'l th' fit we think that general principles shouldY tftay 6 arst place in the order of investigation. Be this’ We must confess, that much useful and practical,5 N

as well as theoretical knowledge, has been eliminated by theprocess, and many improvements introduced which are ofconsiderable public benefit. This branch of professionalpractice is as yet in its infancy, and we may hope that a fewyears will add considerably to our practical and theoreticalacquaintance with it, when theories, which are now only upontrial, shall have been fully and fairly tested, and some furtherinquiry entered into with respect to the objects which aresought after, in laying out the drainage of a town.

In considering tiiis subject, a question naturally arises atthe very outset, as to the objects to be effected by properdrainage of any locality. Now, formerly the object, for therewas but one, was very well defined, and very simple ; it wasthis, to remove the refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabiteddistricts, so that it might not become prejudicial to the healthof the inhabitants. Within the last few years, however, somenew data have been introduced, and in consequence the questionhas become more complicated. The inquiry has been mootedas to whether it be advisable to throw away as useless thecollected refuse, or whether it may not be employed to someuseful purpose ; and if so, whether it may not be turned toaccount as a profitable article of commerce. Many subjectshave been named, in the manipulation of which, such mattersmight be advantageously employed ; but of all of these, themost important, and that which lias the highest claim to con-sideration, seems to be their application to agricultural pur-poses, in the shape of manure. Whether indeed the refuseof towns is of value for this purpose, has been, and still is amatter of dispute amongst persons well qualified to judge ;but we think the evidence in favour of such application,decidedly preponderates.

The value of manures as promoters of vegetation, is said toresult from their possession of the essential element', nitrogen,in the form of ammonia, with thesubordinate propertiesof alka-lies, phosphates, and sulphates, and we learn from the experi-ments of Liebig, that the quantity of nitrogen contained in theexcrements of a man during one year, is 16.41 lbs , and also thatthis quantity is sufficient for the supply of 800 lbs. of wheat, rye,or oats, or of 900lbs. of barley. “ This is much more,” says thesame authority, “ than it is necessary to add to an acre of land,in order to obtain, with the assistance of the nitrogen absorbedfrom the atmosphere, the richest crops every year. Byadopting a system of rotation of crops, every town and farmmight thus supply itself with the manure, which besidescontaining the most nitrogen, contains also the most phos-phates. By using at the same time bones and the lixiviatedashes of wood, animal excrements might be completely dis-pensed with on many kinds of soil. When human excrementsare treated in a proper manner, so as to remove the moisturewithout permitting the escape of ammonia, they may be putinto such a form as will allow them to be transported evento great distances.” Of the success of sewage mattersapplied as manure, we have favourable evidence in the prac-tice adopted at Edinburgh , where the pasture-laud has beenmade to produce crops very considerably above the averageby this means. Experiments of an equally favourabledescription have also been tried in various parts of thiscountry, as well as on the Continent ; at Milan, and variousparts of France and Germany . These, however, only speakas to the success of such manure in a liquid form, againstwhich one or two practical objections may be urged.The first is the expense of distribution; for in the firstplace, the sewage waters must be raised to a considerable ele-vation by artificial means, for the purpose of conveying themon to the surface of the surrounding districts, and this ele-vation will be greater or less according to the level of theneighbourhood. The second objection consists in the limited