S H A

429

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lu\vj n ~

ftf,,,. ® m eans, which will be made sufficiently plain by

Sin!!? 6 to l * le P^ ate : —

a coinpass joint-rule, as in Figure 4, bevelled

on

of t | e a Pper sides of the inner edges; from K, the centretb e Joint, set on the inner ed<;e R P as many times

Cu Ha

l ei ght of the shaft, p Q, as the diameter at the bottomnitis '

Q p r ule upon the .^.o, >tills ^ le bottom diameter, i

of t ^“‘ s tlie difference of the two diameters ; lay the edgedl e n p upon the axis, with the point P on the mid-draw the other leg of the

^ ■ •t/v/iiimi uiamuu) S U j uiait tug uuiu log vi mo

kep t - p l to any convenient distance, while the marked leg is431 upon the axis ; then pressing down the leg which

Hot

>0.

over

the work, move the marked leg to any point inall t j a draw a line by it, which will represent a flute ; andJf the other flutes may be drawn by repeating the operation,be c , tw ° lines which terminate the breadth of the columntilge “"ted downwards to d and G (Figure 1) at the wastetOay ^ ' l he paper, and also the axal line A b, the flutinglitle jj 8 Pt'ojected by means of the semicircle D H I G; theCf ibe G ^eing supposed at right angles to a b. On d g des-f!W 8emicir ele, an< l draw the tangent line ef parallel to'tea » tln 8 c D and C G at E and f ; then from E and F draw^ivi(j e 0 the centre, cutting the circumference at h and I;h r'te arc h i into five equal parts, set two on the arcat igle s 8 ^o on the arc I g, which will be the points for thetira w >. °o the semi-circumference; and from these points

Z ones :

rig — to c between the diameters at a and b.t'liial^ 4 1) 2, 3, 4, are four equal shafts of columns, placed at?U f) l3tan ces, and supposed to constitute a partof the drawing' 8 ^ost" 0 P 01 'tico. The method of drawing the flutes to a pointfl*e f 0 jp 83 ^peditiously performed by means of a joint-rule in!)*« (l,. a °' v .*"8 manner :—Whatever be the intended height oft 1 " l h V * n ® t ' le s b a fts, set as many times that heightoentre of the joint on the inner edge of the rule, asj 8ter of the column at the bottom contains the excess*i 1 th latnet er above the upper diameters. Let us supposeti te > tl U PP er diameter is to the lower as 3 to 4, as in thet' 8 baf! 6n p Q being the representation of the height of'Uiea j, ’ ^uke r p on the edge of the rule equal to four**'8 of !!’ ai| d lay the edge rp on the line representing thecolumn ; while rp is in this position, move the*t at i 6 ou t t0 “y distance, and press upon it so as to make**4 th e ar .y ’ then revolve the leg that was first stationary,jVti,, Pn'tit u will still keep its situation in the axis of theD 1(1 c en’t S ° *bat the moveable leg of the rule, moving roundifHliuV joint) will answer the same purpose as a. file e .fige moving round a pin; but it is much handier, fort? Pticlt ^i' Ut on the paper, we shall have no occasionbo llr !f ’ un d if the point extends beyond the surface of^• rte ctn e ’ We can still use the joint-rule with as much. l ?Ur es £ Ss as if the point were in the drawing board,fi ltle iple ,an d 6 exhibit a very correct modification of theax u [ J Us t explained. Find the point v as above, extendtr r is i" 16 v w to the bottom of the board at h, where thel ‘ e, > if t i te hded to be cut off when the drawing is finished ;S j' v Sr (]j* e u Pper diameter is to be one-sixth less than theji fiual eter > ‘1 ivide a b, Figure 6, of the same length intoth(fr ts ’ and if the column be eight diameters in height,J® Poii, t l 0vv er sixth part into eight equal parts ; then on- ’fit,.. 1 describe the semicircle c, i, k, d; with a radius

fi,

't^'viUp 6 ., 0 ^ these parts, circumscribe the rectangle c,f e,d,ill, e flutes as before.

• 18 Ihe method of drawing the flutes by dividing bothf Dof 4t> T oV^ 8 same ratio as shown by the plan at the bottom.• Se e r! A Chimney, the stone or brick turret above the“imney.

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of

A King-Post, the prismatic part between the

5 R

SHAFTED IMPOST, an impost which has horizontalmouldings separating the archivolt from the pier, and wherethe section of the archivolt is different from that of the pier.Imposts are termed shafted, to distinguish them from bandeaimposts, in which the sections above and below the impost-moulding are alike, the shaft or pier seeming to pass throughits capital.

SHAKE, or Shaken, a term applied to timber that is rentby drying too suddenly; in which the fissure, occasioned bytoo great a heat, is called a shake.

SHAKY, or Shaken, a natural defect in timber whenfull of splits, or clefts.

SHAM DOOR, in joinery, a panel of frame-work, thatappears like a door, but does not open. Sham doors arenecessary where corresponding symmetry is wanted ; theyare only wrought and moulded on the side next to the room.See Door .

SHANK, (from the Saxon sceanca,) a name given to theintersticial spaces between the channels of the triglyph, inthe Doric frieze ; they are sometimes called the legs of thetriglyph, and by Vitruvius , femur.

SHEERS, a machine employed for lifting heavy and cum-brous materials, consisting of two lofty beams or legs of wood,placed vertically, united at the top, and set apart at the feet;a capstan rope passes over a pulley at the top, by means ofwhich the weight is raised.

> SHEET LEAD, See Plumbery.

SHELVES, (fpom the Saxon cylf) boards fixed againsta wall by their edges, and with their sides horizontally dis-posed, for the purpose of setting articles upon them. Shelvesare supported below by brackets, which are either solid pieces,or small trusses ; they are also supported at the ends withvertical pieces, called standards, or cut standards, where theyare let in, and moulded on the edge.

SHIDES, or SiiiNGLes. See Shingles.

SHINGLES , (from the German schindel,) small boards,similar to slates, prepared for covering a building. They areof oak, either sawn or cleft, about an inch thick at one end,thinned off towards the nail or pin; about 4 inches broad,and from 8 to 12 inches in length. This kind of coveringis very dear, and seldom used but for the roofs of churchesand pyramidal steeples. Nevertheless, when a light cover-ing is required, shingles may be employed with propriety.Before they are used, they should be well seasoned, bysteeping them in water, and drying them in the sun. Whenmade of oak, this covering is preferable to thatch.—In theUnited States , houses are built of shingles.

SHINGLING, the act of covering a roof with shingles.In this operation, the building must be first covered all overwith boards, after which the rest of the process is similar tothat of slating. See Slating.

SHOAR, or Shore (from the Saxon score,) among build-ers, a prop, or oblique timber, acting as a brace upon thesides of a building, the wall itself performing the office of apost, and the ground that of a beam ; so that the wall andground are ties, while the post is a straining-piece. Theupper ends of shoars should always rest against that part ofthe wall into which a floor is inserted, in order to make acounter - resistance to its action. Both ends of shoarsshould rest upon plates, or beams, which if firmly fixed, willform a much stronger resistance than could be obtained with-out them. They should be tightly trimmed between theplates, by driving wedges under their lower ends.

Shoar, Dead, an upright piece of wood, built up in a wall,which has been cut or broken through in order to make somealteration in the building. The piece of wood thus enclosed,being necessary for the support of the superincumbent part