SHU
430
SIN
! during the making good of the wall, and left for the securityj of the work, to prevent shrinking and fracture.
Shoak is also a large beam of wood, used as a prop, tobuildings in danger of falling.
SHOE (from the Saxon sceo or scoe,) the part at thebottom of a water-trunk, or leaden pipe, for turning thecourse of the water.
SHOOT, a term expressive of the act of planing the edgeof a board straight, and out of winding.
SIIOOTING-BOARD, two boards fixed together, withtheir sides lapped upon each other, so as to form a rebate,for the purpose of making short joints, either oblique tothe fibres, or in their direction. By this instrument, thejoints of the panels of framing are made, as also those ofthe mitres of architraves, or the like.
SHOULDER OF A TENON, the transverse plane to thelength of a piece of timber, from which the tenon projects.The shoulder should always be at right angles to the length;though it does not always lie in the same plane as heredefined, but sometimes in different planes; as, in the binding-joists of a floor, the shoulder consists of two parallel planes,and one oblique plane. As this compound shoulder seldomor never takes place in anything else, it is simply defined,as above, by its form, in order that the meaning may be moreeasily comprehended ; however, it may be generally definedthus : a shoulder is that which can only be resisted when thepiece is pushed forwards in the same direction, supposingthe piece, and that which resists it, to be polished.
SHOULDERING PIECES, See Brackets.
SHREAD HEAD, or Jerkin Head, See Jerkin Head.
SIIREDINGS, (from the Saxon screadan.) In the roofsof many old buildings, the rafters were formed with a knee,or an obtuse exterior angle from the outside, at the bottom,the upper part, above the knee, being straight to the ridge ;and the lower part, which rested upon the wall, either plumb,or nearly so : in order to suppoi't the slating between theknee and the face of the building, short slight pieces, asbearers, were fixed below, forming a straight line with theupper part of the rafters ; these were called shredings, orfurring, of which, the latter term is most commonly used.See Furrings.
SHRINE, a tomb in which the remains or relics of somesaintly or noble persons were deposited. They are usually ofa highly decorative character; fine examples exist in manyof our cathedrals ; there is one of Edward the Confessor inWestminster Abbey ; it is of stone, and measures 15 feetin height; there is another of St. Fridesvvide at Oxford, butthis is of wood, date about 1480.
The term is also applied to small caskets to contain relics,usually in the shape of rectangular boxes with coped cover-ings ; they are mostly of metal, or overlaid with metal, andenriched with precious stones and other valuables.
SHRINKING, the contracting of a piece of timber in itsbreadth, by seasoning, hot weather, &c. The shrinking ofa piece of timber is proportional to its breadth. The lengthof timber is unalterable by seasoning, or any kind of weather;and hence it is, that, in unseasoned timber, mitred together,such as the architraves of doors and windows, the mitres arealways close on the outside, and open towards the door, form-ing a wedge-like hollow on each side of the frame. It is toavoid the shrinking of timber, that narrow boards, called bat-tens, are used in floors ; and when the panels of a piece offraming are very broad, they will shrink so much as to fallout of the grooves.
SHUTTERS, the boards, or framed joinery, by whichthe aperture of a window is closed. See Joinery.
When shutters are made like boards, they are generally
clamped, to keep them from warping; in this ca p ran iedare seldom less than three-fourths of an inch thick ^shutters are either square, or moulded on one or b° de toin the latter case, the mouldings on the outside arecorrespond with the doors in the same room. F r!inl ® eg3 0 fters are seldom less than l£ inch thick. The thic ff jUshutters generally depends upon the mouldings, w t l, e yoccasion the panels to be more or less sunk, according _ cU t,are placed on one or both sides. Shutters are someti ( j )e ythat they may fold more readily together ; in this cahave usually a bead attached to one of them, most , Stylesto the upper one, by which means the ends of the ff idecompletely covered. Shutters should not be cut c0l)S e-
windows, such as those of the Venetian kind ; f° r ’ 1 sU ppoBquence of the cutting, the hinges have less power to thethem, and they become liable to go wrong. th° 3e
only
parts that are hinged together are called folds; aa - nfolds that appear when the others are depressed ' VIboxings, are called front shutters ; while those that ^ glntpVseen when the aperture is shut, are called back fops, o ( j i | n „erflaps: these, in ordinary works, are generally niau ua re'than the front shutters, and are mostly clamped, ^framed. See Boxings of a Window, and SasiiT eil chSIDE POSTS, a kind of truss-posts, placed in P^ 1 t ),eparticular post being disposed at the same distan j forrest from the middle of the truss. Their use is n0 cgJ0 bet'the support of principal-rafters, braces, crown or j en dedbeams, but also to hang the tie beam below. I” dj v vitl Jroofs, two or three pairs of side-posts are empi jfrequently a middle-post, king-post, or crown-P9 s ^ t0 th eas the whole stress of the roof must be thrown eit^ t"'°middle-post, or, in case there is no middle-post, a(jt up° B
side-posts next the centre ; these posts must then o0 f fii’ e. - - -o„ D ta ot a _„;nst
hutments, j'j ^ en
each other by the intervention of struts. Postsmost commonly cut into joggles, which are butm<"— ,which the shoulders of the tenons of the struts rest ’, a ” tr uts-the butments are at right-angles to the length of 11 nie et,The side-posts of a truss, where the principal-ra* te \ _ n t j,esustain as many points, both in the principal-rafte' antie-beam, as they are themselves in number. nurl' 113.
used in Lincolnshire
for P u:
rlins-
t
See Puri.ins.
Side Wavers, a termSee Purlins.
SILL, or Cill, (from the Saxon syl,) in car P en ' 1 Jyf , joi3 | ts ’disposed in the lower part of walls, or upon the ^P^joh *‘‘ eor under apertures. Groundsills are those up 011 ^ r aisf"posts and superstructure of a timber building ,. lC e tyjDoor and window sills, sufficiently indicate. , aI ’
The bottom pieces, on which ^ ,, r e e* 1 ' Jraised, are called sius- ground ^hole length, as 10 £ t iti<n>»those ot F
their namestruss partitions aresupported throughout their wwindow sills; or in many points, asjoists.
SIMA. See Mouldings.
Sima-Inversa, See Mouldings.
Sima-Recta, See Mouldings.
u-ai an ?;
Mouldings.
f le na l>ectively eau>l ■, those of which the severs'Proportion a to. J id! - Wlt h the sides about the equal
SINGLE FLOOR e XT
Single Frame Vi ’ t ee n *kei> Flooding. h , 0
Ler of joists, D ^ked Floor, a floor with on /
when only 0J Ip 1 ”, ex Pression applied to window ' s ‘ l t j C inPlane. / ° Ue oi ll ‘em « moveable in the same v ^ 1